STRUCTURAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 1- 16 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 1208
4
1687 - 2002
Structural And Histochemical Changes Of Albino Rat Kidney Under The Effect Of Injectable Contraceptive Mamdouh A. Ghali
Histology Department Al-Azhar - Faculty of Medicine
Abstract
The choice of safe and effective method for fertility control still under continuous search. So, discovery of structures having long duration of action which made administration by injection was an attractive alternative to oral contraceptives. Medroxyprogesterone acetate emerged from this early work as promising injectable long acting contraceptive with minimal risk. This work was planned to evaluate the structural and histochemical changes induced by injectable contraceptive Depo-provera (MPA), on the kidney of adult female Albino rats as well as testing the degree of reversibility of changes that may develop after the arrest of its use. Thirty adult female Albino rats were used in this work and divided into three equal groups. Group I was used as a control, group II was intramuscularly injected with MPA 4 times (2.7 mg / rat every 3 oestrus cycles) and sacrificed one day after arrest of the injection, while , group III the animals were injected with MPA by the same dose and sacrificed 30 days after arrest of the injection. The abdominal aorta was exposed and Indian ink injection was injected to study the renal vascular changes. The animals were sacrificed, the kidney was dissected and paraffin sections were prepared and stained by haematoxylin and eosin and PAS technique to study the microscopic structure and the distribution of PAS+ve materials respectively. Frozen sections were prepared and stained by both Gomori and Nachla's techniques to study the activity of acid phosphatase enzyme and succinic dehydrogenase enzyme respectively. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Student's t.test. The injected groups showed atrophy of tubular epithelium, dilatation of tubular lumina. All recovery groups were nearly similar to normal state except PAS+ve material of renal tubules which were nearly similar to injected groups. The treated groups showed significant increase in vascular distribution and PAS+ve materials. While, non significant changes were noticed in the activity of acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase enzymes. It was concluded that there are reversible structural and histochemical changes in the rat kidney under the effect of MPA. So, the use of MPA could be considered as a safe contraceptive method.
Introduction
The need for effective, safe and easy
adverse effects of oral pills which may be
method of contraception has not diminished
due to its estrogen component.
with the advance in the different contr-
Medroxyrogesterone acetate (MPA)
aceptive methodology. Oral administration
was first used for treatment of habitual
of contraceptives results in immediately
abortion and endometriosis (Kennedy,
high blood hormones that decrease with
1978). Using a single dose of MPA (1-4
time and repetitive doses must be given at
gm), for the treatment of premature labor
frequent intervals to keep the blood levels
was found to protect against pregnancy for
within the effective range. So, studies have
12 to 24 months (Coutinho and De Souza,
been performed to find a suitable long
1966). MPA emerged from the early rese-
acting hormonal contraceptive to avoid the
arch as a promising injectable contraceptive
1
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 17- 28 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 - 2002 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor And Soluble Adhesion Molecules As A Diagnostic Markers For Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis In Cirrhotic Liver Disease (1) Hamdia Ezzat Ahmed, (2)Ahmed Dorrah, (3)Eman M Abd El-Rahman, and (1) Maha M. Abd El-Mohsen (1)Clinical Pathology, (2)Tropical Medicine Dept. & (3)Internal Medicine Department Al-Azhar University
Abstract:
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a frequent and severe complication in cirrhotic patients with ascites that usually results in renal failure and death despite the efficacy of the current antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study was determine serum and ascitic fluid of soluble-L selectin (s-L Selectin), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cirrhotic patients, and to search for a relationship between them and SBP. This study was performed on 30 cirrhotic patients with SBP. Their ages ranged (from 38- 55 years) with mean of (32 + 5.5), 30 cirrhotic patients with non-infected ascites; their ages ranged (from 30-52 years) with mean of (35 + 6.5). This group considered as cirrhotic control group and 20 healthy control subjects their ages ranged (from 28-55 years) with mean of (30 + 7.5). Serum and ascitic fluid of adhesion molecules as well as VEGF levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients with SBP as well as cirrhotic patients with non-infected ascites as compared to healthy control group. There were significant increase in serum and ascitic fluid level of leukocyte, PMN and ICAM-1 in SBP as compared to cirrhotic with non-infected ascites. There was non-significant decrease in serum and AF level of VEGF in cirrhotic control group as compared to SBP group. The ascitic fluid PMN and s-L Selectin were higher in culture positive SBP patients particularly in those with gram positive isolates, where these are non-significant increase in serum and ascitic fluid level of VEGF in culture positive SBP than culture negative cases. Positive correlation was found between serum and ascitic fluid level of ICAM-1 in SBP and non-infected cirrhotic group. Also, positive correlation was found between VEGF levels in serum ascetic fluid levels in both cirrhotic groups (SBP and non-infected cirrhotic group). These data suggest that: Significant elevated level of VEGF in both SBP and non infected cirrhotic patient may have pathophsiological consequences of local regulation of vascular tone and endothelial permeability, significant elevated level of adhesion molecules in both SBP and non-infected cirrhotic patients are due to inflammatory response and endothelial cell activation. Serum and ascetic fluid of ICAM-1 can be used as useful marker for diagnosis of SBP and for monitoring the treatment of cirrhotic patients.
Introduction:
Spontaneous
bacterial
peritonitis
The prevalence of SBP in unselected
(SBP) is common complication in patients
cirrhotic patients admitted to a hospital
with liver cirrhosis and ascites and is
ranges between 20% and 30% and it is
associated with a high mortality rate despite
associated with a 30%-50% mortality rate
the efficacy of the current antibiotic therapy
(Hillebrand, 2002).
(Jansen, 1997).
Selgas et al. (1996), reported that
17
Renal Replacement Therapy And Increased Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease In El-Minia Governorate, Upper EgyptThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 29 - 38 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002
Renal Replacement Therapy And Increased Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease In El-Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt El-Minshawy O*, and Kamel E G**
Departments of internal Medicine* and Public Health of Medicine**, El-Minia
University, El Minia, Egypt
Abstract
Introduction: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is one of the main health problems in El Minia Governorate Currently, hemodialysis (HD) represents the main mode for treatment of ESRD in El Minia Governorate. El Minia Governorate consists of 9 districts and total population of 4.6 millions. The aim of this study: is to describe the prevalence rate and etiology of ESRD in patients under Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) in El Minia Governorate during the year 2005 and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this group of patients. Material and Method: Patients of ESRD were interviewed and questionnaires were filled out by the investigators. The questionnair included personal data, past history of relevant diseases, renal biopsy results, ultrasonography, dialysis frequency, lipid profile, ECG, Echocardiography and other data investigating the cause of ESRD and the causes of death. Results: This study included 614 patients, that is 51 % of the estimated total number of patients treated by RRT in El-Minia governorate. The prevalence of ESRD in El- Minia governorate is 260/ per million population (PMP). Most patients are treated by hemodialysis (HD) (97.2 %) while only 2.8% are treated by either peritoneal dialysis or renal transplantation. The etiology of ESRD was unknown in 28% of cases while hypertension was responsible for 20.7% of cases, obstructive uropathy 12.7%, chronic glomerulonephritis 10.4%, analgesic nephropathy 6% chronic pyelonephritis 5.8%, and diabetic nephropathy 5%. Other causes such as gouty nephropathy, collagen diseases, toxaemia of pregnancy and lupus nephritis constituted 7% of cases.The prevalence of ischemic heart disease was 16.5%, congestive heart failure 28% Cerebrovascular accidents 5%, the death rate among HD patients during this year was 210/1000. Recommendation: Education program for nephrologists and practitioners should be strengthened with special emphasis on etiological factors leading to ESRD , blood pressure control with focus on systolic pressure appears to be an important stratgey to improve outcomes in HD patients, Attempts to establish a program for renal Transplantation should be encourged.
Introduction
End stage renal disease (ESRD) is one
10 per million in 1974 to about 165 per
of the main health problems in El Minia
million in 1995 (Afifi and Abd El Karim
Governorate Currently, hemodialysis (HD)
1999). In the five North African countries
represents the main mode for treatment of
the incidence of renal disaese is much
(ESRD) in El Minia Governorate. El Minia
higher than that in the west yet the
Governorate consists of 9 districts and total
prevalance is relatively lower which mirrors
population of 4.6 millions. The epidemi-
the adequacy of medical care facilities
ology of ESRD has been examined once in
(Barsoum, 2003).
2002 by ( El Minshawy et al., 2002)
Despite the aggressive treatment of
however there is no reliable data neither on
diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperli-
Cardiovascular disease nor on its risk
pedemia the incidence and prevalence rates
factors in El Minia Governorate hemodi-
of ESRD continues to increase world wide
alysis patients.
(Satko et al., 2005)
In Egypt the prevalance of dialysis
Chronic kidney disaese (CKD) is
patients is presumed to have increased from
becoming an independent risk factor for
29
Leptin Level and Plasma ProthromboticThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 :39 - 48 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002 Leptin Level and Plasma Prothrombotic Factors in Obese Subjects (1) Hamdia Ezzat, (2)Eman M Abd El-Rahman, (2) Sabilah G Mousa, and Eman A Mahmoud(3)
(1)Clinical Pathology & (2)Internal Medicine and (3) Rheumatology & Rehabilitation
Departments, Al-Azhar and Assiut University
Abstract:
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Abnormalities in coagulation and haemostasis represent a well-known link between obesity and thrombosis (both arterial and venous). In human, production of a depocyte-derived peptide, leptin has been linked to adiposity; recent studies have shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1),a prothrombotic factor associated with atherosclerosis complication is also produced in adipose tissue. Several studies reported that obese subjects had elevated levels of vonWillbrand factor (vWF) and fibrinogen . The aim of this work is to examine the relationship of obesity, fat distribution and serum leptin concentration with plasma levels of Prothrombotic factors (PAI-1 (vWF) and fibrinogen) and lipid pattern (Triglycerides and Cholesterol) as metabolic parameters. The body fat distribution was evaluated by measuring the body mass index ( BMI) and waist-to- hip ratio (WHR). This study was carried out on four groups: Group I (Control Group): Which is subdivided into two groups: Group Ia: Consists of 10 apparently healthy normal females with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Group Ib: Consists of 10 apparently healthy normal males with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Group II (Female Obese): 16 obese females with BMI > 30 kg/m2. Group III (Male Obese): 16 Obese males with BMI > 30 kg/m2.
Results can be summarized as follows:
1. Very highly significant increase in serum leptin levels in group II and III vs group I
(P<0.0001). Serum leptin was increased non-significantly in female group than male group (P> 0.05).
2. Highly significant increase in serum concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides
levels in group II and III vs group I.
3. Obese subjects (group II and group III) had higher plasma concentration of all
prothrombotic factors as compared to lean groups (GI) . PAI-1 P< 0.0001 for both obese groups, vWF and fibrinogen, P< 0.001 for both obese groups.
4. Significant increase in plasma levels of both PAI-1 and fibrinogen in female obese as
compared to male obese (P < 0.05). Plasma level of vWF was increased non- Significantly in female obese than male obese (P > 0.05).
There was significant positive correlation between BMI and WHR, also there was a significant positive correlation between both of them and serum leptin concentration, plasma PAI-1, vWF and fibrinogen in groups II and group III.
WHR are positively associated with serum cholesterol and triglycerides in group II and
group III.
There was significant positive correlation between leptin concentration and plasma PAI-
1, vWF, fibrinogen, cholesterol and triglycerides in both obese groups.
39
Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminsilicate Protects Against Genotoxic Effects In Zeralenone-Treated Balb/C MiceThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 :49 - 59 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002 Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminsilicate Protects Against Genotoxic Effects In Zeralenone-Treated Balb/C Mice Samir Abbèsa,*, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbèsa, Zouhour Ouanesb, Hassan Bachab, Omar Othmana , Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhabc, Ridha Oueslatia
aLaboratory of Environmental Immunology Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences
Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia. bLaboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible
Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir , Tunisia. cFood Toxicology &
Contaminants Dept. Nationa l Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a potent estrogenic metabolite mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species. Few studies have been successfully employed to get rid of the ZEN contamination in foods. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of hydrated sodium calcium aluminsilicate (HSCAS) to protect Balb/c mice against cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by ZEN. Mice were divided into nine experimental groups (12 mice/group) included the control group, the olive oil group, the groups treated orally with a single dose of HSCAS at doses level of 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg b.w, the group treated orally with a single dose of ZEN (40 mg/kg b.w), the group treated with ZEN plus HSCAS (400 mg/kg b.w), the group received Colchicin (4 mg/kg bw) as a positive control for micronucleus assay and the group treated with mitomycin C (1 mg/kg bw) as a positive control for chromosome aberrations assay. Forty eight hours after treatment, the femur and tibia were dissected out and bone marrow was obtained for different assays. The results showed that ZEN was cytotoxic and genotoxic to Balb/c mice as indicated by the increase in frequencies of polychromatic erythrocytes micronucleated (PCEMN) and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells. The simultaneous administration of HSCAS with ZEN resulted in a decrease of PCEMN number and chromosomal aberrations frequency and increased the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in bone marrow cells compared with the ZEN alone group. It could be concluded that HSCAS itself was safe at different tested doses and efficient in the prevention of ZEN induced clastogenicity in mice at a dose level as low as 400 mg/kg b.w.
The contamination of food and
implicated in numerous mycotoxicosis in
feedstuff with mycotoxins represents a
farm animals and in humans (Etienne and
worldwide problem for both human and
Jammali 1982; Saenz de Rodriguez et al.,
animals. These toxins originate from molds
1985;
Hussein
and
Brasel,
2001;
which grow on cereals and stored plants.
Tomaszewski et al., 1998). There are also
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a phenolic rescorcy-
data on its capability to induce adverse liver
clic acid lactone, produced by certain
lesions with subsequent development of Fusariumspp which infect cereals and
hepatocarcinoma and pituitary tumours,
grains, such as corn, oats, wheat and hay
indicating that these tissues should be
(Coulombe et al., 1993; Kuiper-Goodman
considered as target organs for ZEN in vivo et al., 1987). Although ZEN may be
(Ouanes et al., 2005).
considered a phytoestrogen that is naturally
Most of the carcinogenic mycotoxins
occurring and found associated with grains
are genotoxic agents that produce chrom-
(Nikov et al., 2000). ZEN has been
osomal aberrations, micronuclei, sister
49
Antioxidant effects of parsley and panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenosides Rg3 against alteration induced in reprThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 60 - 72 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002 Antioxidant effect of parsley and panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenosides Rg3 against alteration induced in reproductive functions in male mice
Aziza M. Hassan1 and Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab2
1Cell Biology Dept. and 2Food Toxicology & Contaminants Dept.
National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
In the present study, the antigcidant effects of parsley oil and panax ginseng have been evaluated against the clastogenecity of ZEN. One hundred and eight mature male mice were distributed into nine treatment groups, including the control group and the groups treated with parsley oil (0.6 ml/kg b.w), panax ginseng extract (40 mg/kg b.w) or parsley oil plus panax ginseng extract with or without ZEN (10 µg/kg b.w). Animals within different treatment groups were divided into two subgroups (A and B). Subgroup A were used for the determination of serum testosterone levels and chromosomal aberrations and received their respective doses for two weeks whereas, subgroup B were used for sperm abnormality and received their respective doses twice a day for one week and sacrificed after 30 days. The results indicated that ZEN treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone concentration, sperm count and sperm motility. Whereas it caused a significant increase in abnormal sperms counts and total chromosomal aberrations in germ cells. Animals treated with parsley oil or panax ginseng extract alone or in combination were comparable to the controls regarding all the tested parameters. The combined treatment with ZEN and parsley oil, panax ginseng or parsley oil plus panax ginseng extract resulted in a significant improvement in all tested parameters. Moreover, parsley oil was found to be effective than panax ginseng extract and the combined treatment was more effective than the single treatment. It could be concluded that both parsley oil and panax ginseng extract induced a protective action against ZEN-induced alteration in the reproductive performance and the combined treatment may be useful than the single treatment.
Herbal remedies are used world wide to
for more than 2,000 years. Parsley is a
alleviate symptoms, to treat illnesses, and to
member of the Umbelliferae family that has
promote overall wellness. An estimated
been employed in the food, pharmaceutical,
60% of the world's population and 40% of
perfume, and cosmetics industries (Lopez et
Americans use herbal remedies (Astin, al., 1999). It is widely distributed in Egypt
1998). However, use of medicinal herbs
and grown in gardens and fields. Parsley
may be unsupervised and unproved efficacy
has been reported to have a number of
(Boniel and Dannon 2001; Ernst and
possible medicinal attributes including,
Cassileth 1999).
antimicrobial, (Wong and Kitts 2006)
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is an
antianemic, menorrhagic, (Baytop, 1984)
important culinary herb native to the
anticoagulant, antihyperlipidemic, antihep-
Mediterranean area. It has been cultivated
atotoxic, (Ozturk et al., 1991) antioxidant,
60
Some Biochemical Parameters Of Young Male Albino Rats Treated With Ponceau 4 R And Vitamin EThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 73 - 79 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002 Some Biochemical Parameters Of Young Male Albino Rats Treated With Ponceau 4 R And Vitamin E.
Eman G. E. Helal*, Mahmoud A. El-Kassas*,Samer A. M. Zaahkouk*, Amany F. Mahmoud** and Hesham G. Abdel-Wahed*
Departments of Zoology Faculty of Science - Al-Azhar University(Girls) * and Faculty
of Home Economics- jeddah, K.S.A. **
Abstract
The current study aimed to clarify hazardous effect of ponceau 4R as food colour on rats and the effect of vitamin E as an antioxidant to prevent its toxic effect. Fourty premature growing male albino rats were divided into four groups, the first served as control group, the second supplemented with vitamin E (150 mg/kg),the third treated with ponceau 4R(0.19 mg/kg) and fourth treated with ponceau 4R(0.19 mg/kg) and vitamin E (150 mg/kg). Half of each group was treated for 3 m, the other half was treated for 6 months. Rats treated with ponceau 4R showed highly significant decrease (P<0.01) in serum total lipids, proteins, albumin levels and cholinesterase activity throughout the experimental period, while recorded a significant decrease (P<0.05) in glucose level till the end of the experiment and in globulin level and A/G ratio after 3 months of treatment only. On the other hand, significant increase was detected in total cholesterol level (P < .01) and AST activity (P < .05) after both periods of treatment, while ALT activity showed insignificant change. It seams from the presents study that vitamin E has protective effect against the side effect of ponceau 4R on rats.
Key words: Ponceau 4R , vitamin E, food colour and antioxidant.
Introduction
Food additives are substances that not
are derived from chemical substances
normally consumed as a food by itself or as (Hannaa and Azzah, 1999).
a typical ingredient of the food. The impor-
Antioxidant is a molecule stable enough to
tance of chemical food additives has been
donate an electron to rampaging free radical
increasingly emphasized in recent years for a
and neutralize it. Vitamin E is one of the
technological purpose in the manufacture,
lighter antioxidants found in the diet (mainly
processing
preparation,
packing
and
stored in adipose tissues, liver and muscle)
transport (FAO & WHO,1991) and also to (Abdel- Khalek et al., 2003).
enhance the quality of food products
Vitamin E is a principle antioxidant in (Hannaa and Azzah, 1999).
the body and providing a protective role to
But also, food additives are conceded
prevent oxidantion of unsaturated fats. It
to be one of the difficult problems which
plays a role in cancer preventation (Metin et
cause some toxicological effects on children, al.,2003 and Guyton&Hall,2004).
specially in the age of nursery, because they
Many toxicological aspects have been
used food containing colorants and additives
noticed in children in the age of nursery. So,
in great amounts which attracts their
this attracts our attention to study the
attention.
changes of biochemical parameters of
Food colourants such as ponceau 4R
premature rats which produced after long
are (is use all over the world on great
term administration of one resample food
amounts) one of synthetic colourants which
colour (ponceau 4R) and to exam one of
Effect of Monthly Injectable Contraceptive (Mesigyna) on the Uterus of Adult Female Albino Rat: Histological and ImmunohistochThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 80 97 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002 Effect of Monthly Injectable Contraceptive (Mesigyna) on the Uterus of Adult Female Albino Rat: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study Abeer M. Hassan, Magda M. Naim, Somaya H. Mahmoud, Fouad M. Badr.
Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University. Abstract
Thirty two adult female albino rats were randomized into 2 main groups (control and experimental). The control group (n=8) received IM injection of 0.3 ml of the drug vehicle (castor oil & benzyl benzoate) once every 5 days for 6 times. 50% of rats of this group were scarificed after 24 hours of the last injection while the other 50% were left for 15 days. Experimental group was divided into 2; experimental group 1; E1 (n=12) received IM injection of 1.5 mg/kg BW of the drug (Mesigyna), once every 5 days for 6 times, and were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. Experimental group 2; E2 (n=12) were injected as in group E1 then left for 15 days. Uterine tissue was used for various techniques; histological (H&E & Masson's trichrome) and immunohistochemical (staining of progesterone receptors, using Labeled-Streptavidin method). Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were done to assess the degree of uterine affection. Quantitative measurements (optical density, color area percentage, line distance & cells count) were performed using the image analyzer. Mesigyna injection showed increased endometrial folding (91.6% of the animals) with decreased endometrial thickness. Luminal epithelium showed proliferation with pseudostratification of its nuclei (75% of animals), necrotic changes (31.3% of animals), hyperplasia (epithelial tufting; in 25% of animals) and desquamation (8.3%of animals). Increased gland size and stromalhypercellularity were also observed. Polymorphonuclear cellular infiltration in both endometrium and myometrium, Vascular congestion and increased myometrial thickness were respectively seen in 83.33%, 63.5 %, 83.5% of E1 group animals. Mesigyna also caused reduction in the amount of collagen fibers. Immunostaining revealed decreased number and optical density of progesterone receptors in nuclei of surface epithelium, glandular epithelium and stromal cells while they were increased in nuclei of smooth muscle fibers. Image analysis results confirmed both the histological and the immunohistochemical results. After withdrawal of the drug (group E2), results showed reduction in necrotic changes, endometrial folding, epithelial tufting and hyperplasia. However there was an aggravation of Polymorphonuclear infiltration, vascular congestion and immunohistochemical changes which indicated delayed recovery of these changes in rat uterus under the effect of Mesigyna. In conclusion Mesigyna was found to produce severe histopathological changes which were not completely recovered after 15 days of drug stoppage.
Key Words: Mesigyna, uterus, rat, histology, immunohistochemistry. This paper was presented at the 28th Conference of the Egyptian Society of Histology and Cytology, 2004.
Introduction
Family planning has been an
In spite of recent advances in contra-
important subject for population planners,
ceptive technology, the ideal contraceptive
couples and individuals because it aims for
has not yet been reached. The goal of
better health and because of its socio-
contraceptive research is to develop an
cultural benefits(The world health
effective long-acting method that does not
organization; WHO, 1993).
require an attention on daily basis or at each
80
The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 98 110 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 - 2002
Effect Of Some Herbal Medicine On Some biochemical paramcters In Diabetic Rats
Eman G.E. Helal, Mervat A.Abbas*
Department of Zoology, Faculty of science (Girls) and Department of Biochemistry*
Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al Azhar University.
Abstract
The current study was planned to follow up the effect of famous mixture used as a hypoglycemic traditional medicine in Saudi Arabia on diabetic albino rats and their effects on some biochemical parameter as DHEA .This study also aimed to study the effect of each plants alone to illustrate the most powerful one of them. The present study was carried out on eighty adult male albino rats (120+20gm b.wt). They were randomly divided into eight groups. First group conserved as control group.The others groups received alloxan to become diabetic .The second group conserved as diabetic, the third group treated with a mixture of plants (0.5gm/120gm b.wt).From he fourth to eight group,the rats treated with Nigella sativa (0.25gm/120gm b.wt),Aloe vera,Ferulaassa-foetid,Boswellia Carterii Birdw and Commiphora myrrha respectively (0.5gm/120gm b.wt.).Our result showed that the body weight was reduced significantly in diabetic group and Nigella sativa treated group. On the other hand, treatment with commiphora myrrha revealed significant increase in body weight gain, while mixture and Aloe vera treated rats recorded insignificant change. Diabetic rats revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose and DHEA-S levels and liver glycogen content, while insignificant difference was recoded in all treated groups. A significant decrease in serum insulin level was observed in diabetic group, Nigella sativa and Ferula assa- foetida treated groups, but insignificant different was recorded in the rest treated groups throughout the experiment. A significant increase in LDH activities in diabetic and Ferula assa- foetida treated groups was recorded while rest treated groups recorded insignificant change During experimental period. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in
activity in adipose cells. Circulating insulin
which there is a chronically raised blood
also increases the amount of amino acids
glucose concentration. it is caused by an
taken up by the cell and inhibits protein
absolute or relative lack of insulin, where
catabolism. Insulin appears to be essential
insulin is not being produced from the
for normal cell growth and function
pancreas or there is insufficient insulin or
(Micheal et al. 2003).
insulin action for the body's needs
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA)
(GarethWilliams et al., 2000) .Diabetes
And its metabolite DHEA sulfate are the
affects 20% of the population over the age
most abundant circulating adrenal storids in
of 65% years, and more than 90% of the
humans. DHEA has been shown to
older people with diabetes are type II
modulate glucose utilization in humans and
diabetics (Dawson, 1998). Most patients of
animals, but the mechanisms of DHEA
this form of diabetes are obese and their
action have not been clarified. The decline
glucose tolerance improves if they lose
in circulating DHEA levels occuring with
weight, (Ganang, 2003).
aging has been linked to the gradually
The effects of insulin on glucose
increasing prevelance of atherosclerosis,
metabolism are that insulin stimalates
obesity and diabetes in elderly individual
glycerol syuthesis and inhibits lipase
(perrini et al., 2004).
98
There have been considerable concern and controversy recently about the effects on health from the increasing exposure of popuThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 111- 125 March 2006
I.S.S.N:
12084
1687 - 2002 Do Molecular Markers Predict the Electromagnetic Field Treatment of Cancer Through p53 Suppressor Gene? Mohammed H. Awwad*; Amany A. Tohamy**; Nahed M. El-Abiad*** and Abdel-Monsef A. Elhadary***
* Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt.
** Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt.
***Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research center, Atomic
Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract In recent years there have been enormous studies made toward understanding diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Although there has been a great deal learned about cancer, the treatments available for it have not progressed nearly as much. Attempted removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy still prevail as the most effective treatments used. The present study used the electromagnetic fields (4.5 Hz) to treat tumor implanted in mice. The Polymerase Chain Reaction/Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (PCR/RFLPs) technique was selected as a biomarker to evaluate the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields in implanted Ehrlich tumor of female BALB/C mice. Eighty mice used and divided into four groups (20 each); control, radiated (control exposed to 4.5 Hz), infected (control infected by Ehrlich tumor) and infected exposed (infected exposed to 4.5 Hz). The duration of exposure was for two hours every two days. Electromagnetic field exposure includes group 2 and group 4. DNA genome was extracted and p53 suppressor gene detected (~2130 bp). AatI, BanII, EaeI restriction endonucleases did not differentiate between the PCR products (p53 genes) of the four groups (control, radiated, infected and infected exposed mice groups). BanI, DraI, DraIII, HaeII and PstI differentiated between the four groups. The results approved that the electromagnetic fields could treat the tumor and PCR\RFLPs could be useful diagnostic technique.
There have been considerable concern
highfrequency fields of 1 to 100 mT with a
and controversy recently about the effects
pulsed waveform (Lacy-Hulbert et al.,
on health from the increasing exposure of
1998).
populations to extremely low-frequency
Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor
electromagnetic
fields
(ELF-EMFs)
gene is one of the most frequently reported
(Merchant et al., 1994). These concerns
events in neoplastic cells, occurring in
have centered principally on childhood
approximately 50% of human cancers
cancer, but other diseases have been
(Greenblatt et al., 1994 and Hsieh et al,
similarly implicated. It is generally
2001). The most prevalent types of p53
accepted that EMFs can exert biological
mutation found were G:C to A:T transitions
effects; they have been widely used in
and G:C to T:A transversions. Studies have
clinical practice to promote processes such
demonstrated that these types of mutations
as neural regeneration and bone repair
are the most common mutations observed
(Bassett, 1993). However, these treatments
in animals (Belinsky et al, 1991; Oreffo et
generally use magnetic field strengths that al, 1993; Ronai et al, 1993; Chang et al,
exceed those encountered in residential and
1996). There have been many reports
commercial environments, commonly being
concerning the utility of p53 gene
111
Histopathological Studies on Some Vital Organs of Mice Exposed To Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic FieldThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 126-138 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 - 2002 Histopathological Studies on Some Vital Organs of Mice Exposed To Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field (1) Aida Abd El-Karim Salama, (2) Neveen Hussein Mahmoud, (3)Hoda Mahmoud Shoman and (4) Asmaa Abdel-Hadi Dahshan
(1) Biophysics Dep. (2),(3) and (4) Zoology Dep.
Faculty of Science AL-Azhar University for Girls
Abstract
Twenty five male Swiss albino mice were used in this study to detect the effect of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) 2 milli Tesla-50 Hertz (2 mT,50 Hz) 8 hours/day at different time intervals. Mice were divided into five groups, control group and 4 treated groups, two groups represented the direct effect of (ELFMF) and the other two represented the late effect. The direct effect groups were sacrificed direcly after the end of exposure to (ELFMF), while the late effect groups were sacrificed after certain duration period of the exposure away from (ELFMF). In the present work, histopathological studies revealed severe degeneration changes in kidney, spleen and testes of all groups of mice direct and late effect groups and no sign of complete recovery could be detected in the late effect groups. Glomerular volume, number of glomeruli, relative glomerular blood volume (RGBV) of the kidney; and the mean number cells of spermatogenesis cells of the testes were calculated in control and treated groups. The histopathological changes observed in the kidney, spleen and testes of treated mice were less in direct effect groups than that observed in late effect groups.
Introduction
Researches and clinical experiences
50 Hz MF affected the cell junction protein
confirm the interaction of magnetic
complex
by
modification
of
their
environment with living organisms causing
distribution.
significant biological effects depending on
Peterson, et al. (1992), transplantation
the field strength and duration of exposure
of bone marrow cells of magnetic-field-
(Graham et al,. 1994 and King, 1998). One
exposed mice led to increased numbers of
of the critical issues is the possibility that
spleen colonies (CFU-S 7d) in conditioned
such fields may adversely affect the cell
recipient mice.El-Kholy (1999) studied the
membrane receptors and permeability
effect of 50 Hz magnetic field on spleen
leading to disturbing the physiological
structural changes of mice exposed to X
processes in organisms. Kang et al. (1997),
radiation, he found cytoplasmic nuclear
and Sonnier et al (2000), studied the
degeneration. Ivanova and Kartasheve
biological effect of magnetic field 0.5 T at 7
(1991) and Lokhmatova and Pastukhova
Hz on kidney of mice, they found that
(1993) observed chronic influence of 50 Hz
degenerated tubules were scattered in the
ELFMF on spermatogenesis process of
cortical area where a little change was
mice testis, disturbances in spermatogonia
observed in glomeruli in the cortex and
and spermatids as well as reduction of the
collecting tubules in the medulla.
number of testosterone producing cells.
Iuldashev (2002) proved that 50 Hz
Zsolt et al, (2004) found histopathological
magnetic field of 15 mT affect the mitotic
alterations in testis, epididymes, adrenal,
division of proximal tubules. He recorded a
prostates and pituitary glands of male mice
change in the ratio of the total area
exposed to 50 Hz MF.
glomerular capillaries to glomerular area
The present work was planned to
indicating asynchronism of their filling with
clarify the effect of extremely low
blood. Somosuy et al, (2004) proved that
frequency 2 mT, 50 Hz magnetic field on
126
Genotoxicity induced by drug-drug interaction between the antidepressant sertraline and the antibiotic erythromycin in mice The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 139-145 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 2002 Genotoxicity induced by drug-drug interaction between the antidepressant sertraline and the antibiotic erythromycin in mice bone marrow cells. Amany A. Tohamy
Zoology Department, Faculty of science, Helwan University Abstract
Drug-drug interaction represents a widely distributed health problem. The pharmacological action and side effects of two or more drugs can act additively or antagonistically. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible genotoxicity of concurrent treatment with the antidepressant sertraline, one of the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and the broad spectrum macrolide antibiotic erythromycin. Sertraline and erythromycin are metabolized through CYP3A4 which is one of the cytochrome P-450 enzymes in liver and are responsible for the metabolism of large number of endogenous substrates and therapeutic agents. The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs), micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNCEs) and the ratio PCE/NCE were evaluated to measure the genotoxicity of separate and combined treatment with the tested two drugs. Clinical doses of both sertraline (0.71 mg /kg b.w.) and erythromcyin strearate (14.30 mg / kg b.w.) were used. Groups of animals received single separate or combined doses of either sertraline and/or erythromycin, and sacrificed after 24 hours. Other groups of mice were treated in the same way but for five consecutive days and sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. In all treated groups, the percentage of PCEs increased significantly when compared with that of the negative control group which may indicate a stimulation of proliferative activity to an early phase of cell depletion. The genotoxicity of multiple treatment for 5 consecutive days with sertraline alone or in combination with erythromcyin was expressed in increased number of MNPCEs. The observed increased genotoxicity after multiple combined treatment with sertraline and erythromycin may indicate increased risk of toxicity-based drug-drug interaction. This toxicity may be due to the ability of sertraline and erythromycin to inhibit the activity of CYP3A4 which lead to a prolonged storage period of drugs in the body and hence increased toxicity. Key words : Genotoxicity, Drug-drug interaction, Sertraline, Erythromycin
Introduction
Drug-drug interactions represent a
The selective serotonin reuptake
widely distributed health problem and are
inhibitors (SSRIs) have become the most
divided into pharmacodynamic (PD) and
frequency prescribed antidepressants. These
pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions. PD
medicines are thought to work by incre-
drug-drug interactions can change the
asing the activity of certain chemical, called
pharmacological effect of drugs.
serotonin, in the brain (Hemeryck and
Furthermore, the pharmacological
Belpaire, 2002).
effect and side effects of two or more drugs
Sertraline is one of the SSRIs and is
can act additively or antagonistically. PK
marketed in Egypt under the trade name
drug-drug interactions are associated with
Lustral (Pfizer, Egypt). Sertraline is used to
inappropriate plasma concentrations of
treat
mental
depression,
obsessive-
drugs which can be the result of inadequate
compulsive disorder and panic disorder
absorption, transport, metabolism or elimin-
(Murdoch and Mc-Tavish, 1992). Henry et
ation (Piscitelli and Grallicano, 2001). al. (2004) stated that sertraline is
139
Body Fat Distribution, Serum Leptin, And Insulin Resistance In Obese Subjects With Obstructive Sleep ApnoeaThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 146-154 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 2002
Body Fat Distribution, Serum Leptin, And Insulin Resistance In Obese Subjects With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. Hassan ZA*,Attia MF**, Ahmed AH**;Hassan HA***, Amer H****;
Endocrinology*and General Medicine*** Departments, Alazhar University (girls), ENT Department** Alazhar university (boys), Clinical pathology Department****
Ain Shams University.
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OS A) is strongly associated with obesity and is characterized by endocrine and metabolic changes. The aim of the present study is to clarify whether there is interrelationship between body fat, serum leptin, glucose-insulin metabolism and OSA. Subjects and measurements: we studied 23 obese subjects with OSA (13 males,& 10 females; age mean 36 ± 4.4 years; BMI: 31.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2; WHR: 1.2 ± .25 in males and 0.81+.5 in females ;Apnoea Index "AI"( 9.2 ±6.1) event/hour of sleep by means of overnight polysomnography; fasting glucose(109.8 ± 21.4 mg/dL) ; fasting insulin(18.6 ± 7.1 uU/L ); IR(6.7 ± 2.8); fasting leptin(577.69 ± 201.6 ng/ml). Results were compared with those of 10 healthy normal weight subjects(6 males,4 females ;age mean 36.8±4.4 years; BMI: 25 ± 0.24 kg/m2; WHR: 0.86 ± 0.01; AI: 2.1 ± 1.1 event/hour; fasting glucose(71.7 ± 2.8 mg /dL ); fasting insulin(15.3 ± .48 uU/L ); IR(4.6 ± .17); fasting leptin (42.4 ± 11.5 ng/ml). Results: Anthropometric measurements of OSA subjects were highly significantly greater than controls; body weight (P<0.003); BMI (P<0.00); waist (P<0.000); and WHR (P<0.000). Fasting glucose levels; fasting plasma insulin; IR and leptin levels were significantly higher in OSA subjects than controls (P<0.000, 0.03, 0.002; & 0.000 ) respectively. Overnight polysomnography revealed significant difference between OSA subjects and controls as regards AI (P<0.001). The major dependent outcome variable was the apnoea index (AI), "the average number of apnoeas per hour of sleep determined by overnight polysomnography". OSA was defined as AI 5. Highly significant correlation between AI and WHR (P<0.00); Fasting insulin (P<0.04); IR (P<001) and Leptin (P<0.000) were detected. Also leptin concentrations correlated with fasting insulin (P<0.02); IR (P<0.00) and WHR (P<0.000) besides the AI. IN CONCLUSION: There is strong bidirectional, feed-forward pernicious correlation detected between OSA in one side and each of visceral obesity, leptin, and IR; also between leptin, obesity, and IR. This association may contribute to the pathological manifestations and somatic sequale of this condition. Leptin could have major role linking OSA with various metabolic abnormalities detected in obese subjects. High circulating leptin found in this study, suggests that both obesity and OSA may be caused by a leptin resistant state. Among obese subjects, it is visceral fat (WHR), rather than generalized obesity (BMI) that predisposes to OSA.
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Approximately, 1-10% of men and 2% of
(OSAS) is a common disorder characterized
women have OSA as defined by apnoea
by disruptive snoring, frequent episodes of
hypopnoea
index
5
and
daytime
apnoea and hypopnea during sleep.
hypersomnolence (Young et al, 1993). The
146
Molecular Biological Studies on the Effect of the Electromagnetic Fields on ETS-1 OncogeneThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 155-168 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 2002
Molecular Biological Studies on the Effect of the Electromagnetic Fields on ETS-1 Oncogene Amany A. Tohamy*; Mohammed H. Awwad**; Nahed M. El-Abiad*** and Abdel-Monsef A. Elhadary***
*Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt. **Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt.
***Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research center, Atomic Energy
Authority, Cairo, Egypt. Abstract
ETS-1 is the founding member of the ETS family of transcription factors. ETS factors have important roles in oncogenesis, signal transduction and development. In human tumors, ETS-1 is expressed in endothelial cells and fibroblasts of the tumor stroma and is proposed to play a role in tumor vascularization and invasion by upregulating expression of matrix- degrading proteases. In human carcinomas, ETS-1 is also expressed by neoplastic cells, but little is known about the functional implications of this observation. The present study aimed to detect the tumor by using electromagnetic fields through ETS-1 oncogene. The detection of point mutations correlated with diseases is currently performed by digestion of PCR products (PCR/RFLP) by using restriction endonucleases. It has been described here a method based modified on primers during the PCR, and using some restriction endonucleases (AatI, BanI, BanII, DraI, DraIII, EaeI, PstI and SacII) which create a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) indicative of the studied mutation. The present study used the electromagnetic fields (4.5 Hz); PCR/RFLPs technique was selected as a biomarker to evaluate the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields in implanted Ehrlich tumor of female BALB/C mice. Eighty mice were used and divided into four groups (20 each); normal, exposed (exposed to 4.5 Hz), infected (normal infected by Ehrlich tumor) and infected exposed (infected exposed to 4.5 Hz). DNA genome was extracted and ETS-1 oncogene detected (~4460 bp). AatI, BanII and EaeI restriction endonucleases did not differentiate between the PCR products (ETS-1 genes) of the four groups (normal, exposed, infected and infected exposed mice groups). DraIII, SacII, PstI, BanI and DraI differentiated between the four groups. The results proved that the electromagnetic fields could treat the tumor and PCR\RFLPs were able to be a useful diagnostic technique. Key words: electromagnetic field, cancer, ETS-1 oncogene, PCR/RFLP.
Introduction
Studies of electromagnetic field
biotechnology, since it supplied an efficient
effects on cells have been carried out in
physical tool to permeabilize cells by
three major domains of high, low, and
opening hydrophilic pathways in the cell
extremely low electromagnetic fields. The
membrane, through which molecules could
application of high-pulsed electromagnetic
diffuse
along
their
electrochemical
fields to cells has been associated mostly
gradients (Teissie, 2002; Gehl, 2003 and
with the phenomenon of electroporation
Weaver, 2003). Exposure of cells to
(Neumann
and
Rosenheck,
1972;
extremely low electromagnetic fields has
Zimmermann et al., 1974 and Kinosita and
been
associated
with
environmental
Tsong, 1977). Its employment has gained
exposures of humans to low-frequency
wide use in the areas of cell biology and
electromagnetic and also, with possible
155
Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Kidney TransplantationThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 168 -173 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 2002
Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Kidney Transplantation Yasser Soliman
Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Ain Shams University. Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases morbimortality in renal transplantation. Hepatitis C virus positive kidney transplant candidates who remain on the waiting list show a greater risk of mortality than those who are transplanted. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of HCV infection on patient and allograft survival after kidney transplantation. Eighty two patients with end stage renal disease underwent kidney transplantation were included in this study. The patients were classified into group I including 46 HCV negative patients (HCV-) and group II including 36 HCV antibody and HCV-RNA positive patients (HCV+). The immunosuppressive protocols were similar in both groups. All recipients were followed up for 3years.Results: There were statistically insignificant differences (P>0.05) between both groups as regard age, gender and donor type (living related or unrelated). Hemodialysis duration before transplantation was highly significant (P< 0.01) longer among HCV+ group (4.9± 3.7 years) compared to HCV- patients (2.4± 4.3 years).One patient died from each group showing insignificant difference (P>0.05); 2 grafts (4.3%) lost in HCV- group and 3 (8.3%) in HCV+ group with also insignificant difference (P>0.05). Five recipients (10.9%) in group I experienced delayed graft function compared to 2 (5.6%) recipients in group II with statistically insignificant difference. There was a significantly (P< 0.05) more number of acute rejection episodes among HCV+ patients (11=30.6%) than HCV- patients (5=10.9%).New onset diabetes mellitus occurred more among HCV+ (19.4%) than HCV- (8.7%) recipients, however the difference was insignificant. There was a significant (P<0.05) higher incidence of cytomegalovirus disease among HCV+ (11.1%) than HCV- (2.2%) recipients. Conclusion: This study suggested that HCV positivity does not significantly affect patient and graft survival despite the significant increased incidence of acute rejection episodes and cytomegalovirus disease. Lastly, all measures should be taken to prevent HCV transmission in dialysis population.
Introduction
Since hepatitis C virus (HCV) was
oved liver enzymes levels, had no effect on
identified in 1989 by Choo et al, as a main
HCV viremia, but seems also not to have a
cause of non-A non -B hepatitis, HCV
beneficial effect on liver fibrosis (5).
infection has achieved a great relevance in
nephrology on the basis of its high Aim Of The Work
prevalence among dialysis patients, renal
allograft recipients as well as in essential
The aim of this study was to evaluate
mixed cryoglobulinemia with associated
the effect of HCV infection among end
membranoproliferative glomerulonephr-
stage renal disease (ESRD) patients after
itis(1,2,3). Renal transplantation confers an
undergoing kidney transplantation.
overall survival benefit in HCV +
hemodialysis patients with similar 5-year Patients And Methods
patients and graft survival to those without
HCV infection(4). Unfortunately, there is no
This prospective study included 82
safe treatment for HCV infection after renal
patients with ESRD. All were receiving
transplantation. It has been reported rece-
their first living kidney transplants at Naser
ntly that ribavirin monotherapy impr-
Institute, and Ain Shams University
168
The Formation of Tetracycline in Date Medium by Mutants of Streptomyces aureofaciens Induced by NitrosogiuanidineThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 174- 187 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
2002 1687 The Formation of Tetracycline in Date Medium by Mutants of Streptomyces aureofaciens Induced by Nitrosogiuanidine. E. S. Ahmed¹ and Z. W. Sharawi².
1- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center. Cairo, Egypt.
2- Department of Biology. Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University.
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
The present study deals with the genotoxicity of Nitrosoguanidine (N.T.G.) - a chemical mutagen- which was employed to induce auxotrophic mutations in the haploid wild type of bacteria Streptomyces aureofaciens strain NCIMB 8234. An increase in exposure time to the mutagen and dose of this mutagen led to a decrease in the survival percentage and increase in the percentage of mutation. The mutants were cultured in synthetic date fermentation medium, which contained Barni date-coat sugar extract as a carbon source. The following parameters were determined: final pH, medium quantity, and microbial cell biomass. All of the five mutants produced less antibiotic titers than the initial organism this was noticed after measuring the inhibition zone of each created for Staphylococcus aureus as a gram-positive pathogenic bacterium and Escherichia coli as a gram- negative pathogenic bacterium.
Introduction:
In the past, bacteria were the most
host. The degree of selective toxicity
important cause of disease and mortality
depends on the specific mechanisms of
among humans. The introduction of
action of the drug. The most selective
antibiotics in human medicine has markedly
agents are those affecting structures (e.g.
reduced the impact of bacterial diseases on
cell wall) or functions (e.g. folic acid
human mortality.
synthesis) present only in prokaryotic cells.
Antibiotics are substances produced
The less selective antibiotics are those
by living organisms, which are able to kill
affecting protein (e.g. tetracyclines) or
or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
nucleic acid synthesis (e.g. quinolones),
According to the literal sense of the word,
which are essential functions for both
substances produced synthetically (e.g.
prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells
sulfonamides or quinolones) Prescott and
(the host). Tetracyclines are one of the
Baggot (1994) should not be termed
cheapest classes of antibiotic available, and
antibiotics, and the use of a broader term
their cost in real terms is declining due to
(i.e. antimicrobial agent) would be more
improved manufacturing technology Finch
appropriate to indicate the complex of all
(1997). The pricing structure makes them
substances having a harmful effect on
particularly attractive for use in developing
microorganisms.
However,
the
term
nations Furthermore; the HIV Meeting
antibiotic is used throughout the present
2000 suggested the use of tetracyclines to
report as a synonym of antimicrobial agent.
reduce bacterial sexually transmitted
Antibiotics are also selectively toxic
diseases in the developing world. Col and
substances as they affect pathogenic
O'Connor (1987). Tetracycline efficiency
microorganisms more adversely than the
exists in inhibiting protein synthesis by
174
Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Second Degree of Burn Wound of ForearmThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 22 : 183- 189 March 2006
I.S.S.N: 12084
2002 1687 Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Second Degree of Burn Wound of Forearm Wafaa Borhan*, Maher El Kebelawy*, and AshrafEI Sebaie**. * Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University.
**Department of surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.
Abstract The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on second degree bum wound healing of the forearm. Thirty patients included in this study (eighteen males and twelve females). All were suffering from deep second degree flame bum in the forearm, their age ranged from thirty to forty years. The total burned surface area was 15- 25%. They were randomly classified into two equal groups. The first group (15 patients) treated by the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) plus traditional conservative treatment, while the second group, sea level air-breathing equivelent control group 15 patients received placebo HBOT plus traditional conservative treatment. Assessment of the wound surface area was performed before starting the study and after 15 days by using the metric graph paper and computerized planimetry linked to summagraphic digitizer system .Procedure started 48 hrs post bum. The program was conducted at Naser Institute; oxygen was supplied 100% O2
at 2.4 Atmospheric Absolute (ATA) for two hours during each treatment period. Treatment was given on four consecutive days each week for two weeks. The results of this study showed significant decrease of the wound surface area in the treatment group (43.6%) than the control group (18.91 %), reflecting efficacy of HBOT in healing process. It was concluded that, HBOT seems effective in accelerating the healing rate and shortening of hospitalization time
on second degree bum wound of the forearm . - Key Words: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Bum, wound.
Introduction
Thermal injury primarily results in the
pressured with oxygen. Dual or multi place
destruction of skin and secondarily involves
chambers arc designed to hold 2 or more
functions of the musculoskeletal system.
patients, up to as many as 36. Both types
The degree of musculoskeletal impairment
may be pressured with air while patients
is determined by the depth and extent of the
breathe oxygen via an oxygen mask, hood
bum injury (Martyn ,1990).
system, for times that typically extend 4-6
The healing of wound is the main
hours during which the patient breathes
problem for the physical therapist who
100% oxygen (Delaney and Montgomery,
deals with many functional problems of
2001).
burned patient. The ultimate goal of it is to
Because of toxic side effects from the
allow wound to close as rapidly as possible
systemic absorption of oxygen, which
(Richard and Staley,1994).
include pulmonary and eNS toxic reactions,
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the
localized therapy has popularity, Heng and
treatment in which a patient breathes 100%
others used disposable polyethylene bags,
oxygen intermittently under a pressure of
which has the advantages of being simple,
greater than sea level or one atmospheric
and less likely to cause cross- infection
pressure. This treatment can be carried out
(Heng et al,1984).
in one of two ways. Mono place chambers
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HEOT)
are single person chambers that are
is indicated for decompression sickness, air
188