The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 1 11 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Mitochondria and Nuclear changes in postimplanted mice embryos After treatment with Cisplatim antitumour drugs
Hassan M.El Ashmaoui
National Research center, Cell Biology Dept., Giza, Egypt
Abstract To evaluate a possible relationship of maternal exposure to capsulation during postimp- lantation embryotoxicity, SWR pregnant female mice were injected intraperitoneally on day 4 of gestation with 7mg/kg cisplatin or with saline (0.4 ml) for the control group. Embryos were collected after 24h 48h, 72h, after injection. ultrastructural sections were used to investigate the mitochondria and the nuclear changes Both the mitochondria and the nuclei were damaged specially 48h and 72 h after injection they may be related to cytotoxicity of the drug. Key words: platinum antitumour drugs, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Mice embryos.
Introduction Cisplatin has been approved for
embryo cells to explore some possible
clinical use on limited basis in treating
avenues that can be followed to combat its
testicular and ovarian tumors (Rozencweig
toxic side effects.
et al 1977) it is a highly cytotoxic drug first
discovered by Rosenberg (1975)during his Material and Methods
study on the effect of electric field on the
Inbred normal SWR/J male and
cellular growth.
female mice, 8-10 weeks old and weighting
It has been reported to interact mainly
28-30 g, were used throughout this study.
with the nuclear compartment where it
Animals were kept and bred in environm-
blocks DNA replication and separates the
entally controlled room with a temperature
tow components of the nucleolus (Pinto and
of 22±cº a relative humidity of 45 ± 5% and
Lippard, 1985; Burhn et al 1991).
light /dark cycle of 10/14h mouse food
However, effective chemotherapy
commercially available and water was
with cisplatin alone or in combination with
offered ad libitum.
other drugs on a wide variety of animal and
In each box 4-5 milliparous females
human tumors is still not free of side effect
were caged together with a single male .The
effects such as kidney toxicity, gastroint-
females were examined each morning for
estinal, nephro and neurotoxicity and also
the presence of vaginal plug; the day that
embryo
toxicity,
(Rosenberg,
1985;
plug was detected was considered as day 0
Mollman, 1990;Amand and Bashey, 1993).
of gestation and the pregnant females were
We now believe that cisplatin coordi-
placed in separated cages.
nates with DNA and this coordination
A total of 30 pregnant females were
complex not only inhibits replication and
used, and divided into 6 groups 5 females in
transcription of DNA, but also leads to
each.
programmed cell death (called apoptosis).
Group I, II, II, were treated with a
The primary action of cisplatin is on
single intraperitoneal injection of 7mg/kg of
DNA resulting in the inhibition of DNA
Cisplatin in day 4 of gestation and with
synthesis. The cytoarchitecture of the nuclei
0.4ml normal saline in group IA, IIA, IIIA,
and cytoplasmic organoids may be expec-
as control group for each group.
ted to be altered after treatment with cispla-
Female mice were killed by cervical
tin (Aggarwal and Sodhi 1973; Rosen et al,
dislocation after 24h in groups I, IA, 48h
1992)
for groups II, IIA, and after 72h for groups
This presentation,which is based on
III, IIIA.
electron microscopy studies, is an attempts
The abdominal cavity wall for each
to elucidate the effect of cisplatin on normal
female was opened and both uterine horns
1
Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Moxifloxacin on Female Mice and EmbryosThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 12 19 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Moxifloxacin on Female Mice and Embryos Hanaa M. Roshdy
Cell Biology Department, National Research Center
Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Abstract
Moxifloxacin (Avelox®) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum of
activity and bactericidal action. Moxifloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of Gram- positive and Gram-negative organisms. The safe use of moxifloxacin in human pregnancy has not been established. In order to evaluate the genotoxic and embryo toxic effects of (Avelox)® during pregnancy, Avelox was administrated orally to female mice with doses (8.7, 17 and 26 mg/kg/day) from 1 to 17 days of pregnancy. Caesarean sections were completed on gestation day 18 and complete fetal examinations and cytogenetic analysis were conducted. Decreases in the fetal body weights and increases in the external visceral and skeletal anomalies were found in all doses of (8.7, 17 and 26 mg) Avelox compared to the controls. Cytogenetic analysis in mothers and embryos revealed that all the tests doses produced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MN) formations in a dose dependent manner compared to the controls. These results indicate that Avelox has a maternal and embryotoxic effects on the female mice and their embryos when administered with a recommended and above the recommended dose during pregnancy. Key words: Moxifloxacin - chromosomal aberrations micronuclei mice embryos Introduction
Antibiotics are medicines designed to
Based on their specific mode of
treat bacterial infections. A new fluoroq-
action, enzyme, inhibition, and in contrast
uinolone antibacterial for the treatment of
to chemical mutagens which directly
respiratory tract infections is known as
interact with DNA, no-effect levels can be
Avelox® (Moxifloxacin). Moxifloxacin
defined for Fluoroquinolones which act by
works Relialdy against all relevant respir-
enzyme inhibition if no enzyme inhibition
atory pathogens and is characterized by its
take place no genotoxic effect can be
rapid efficacy, excellent tolerability and
induced (Mah, 2004).
high cure rates. Patients begin to feel much
The safe use of Moxifloxacin in
better soon after starting therapy. Moreover,
human pregnancy has not been established.
clinical trials involving more than 8.000
Therefore, we study the effect of Avelox®
patients to date indicate that Avelox has a
(Moxifloxacin) on the pregnant females and
low propensity for the development of
embryos (in vivo) if given orally to mice
bacterial resistance (Minenko et al., 2004).
during the pregnancy.
Moxifloxacin inhibit the functionally
related mammalian to poisomerase II Materials and Methods
(Tomas et al., 2004). As can sequence of
these effects Fluoroquinolones have shown Test drug:
genotoxic effects in pro-and eulkaryotic
Moxifloxacin (Avelox) was provided
systems. However, it has to be taken into
from Bayer Laboratories (Moxifloxacin hy-
account that several orders of magnitude
drochloride) is a synthetic broad spectrum
higher concentrations as for gyrase are
antibacterial agent) and is available as Ave-
normally needed for topoisomerase-11-
lox Tablets for oral administration and as
inhibition (Drago et al., 2004).
Avelox I.V. for Intravenous administration.
12
Ultrastructural study of renal tubular damage induced by captopril in adult and fetal miceThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 20 43 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Ultrastructural study of renal tubular damage induced by captopril in adult and fetal mice Hamdy H. Swelim and Aleya A.Sakr
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
Abstract
The present study has been designed to evaluate the possible nephrotoxicity of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril on renal tubules of adult and maternally treated fetuses of CD-1 mice. The study included the effect of captopril administration for one month up to three months in adults, while in fetuses, they were exposed to the drug through their mothers in two periods. The first was from 6th-12th days of pregnancy, while the second was from 6th -18th day of pregnancy. The dose used in the present study represents the dose equivalent to the therapeutic daily dose taken by human. All the recorded tissue damage was found to be time dependent. The first remarkable feature noticed in all the treated adult animals was the presence of hyaline casts that obstructed most of the renal tubules. The second remarkable feature was the increase of the intertubular space associated with irregularity of the tubules due to the degeneration and vacuolation of the basal regions of the cells. Renal tubule cells showed large blebs, accumulaton of lipids, degeneration and necrosis. In maternally treated fetuses, the proximal convoluted tubule cells displayed moderate vacuolation and marked increase of lysosomes while some of the distal convoluted tubules revealed atrophy and their cells showed loss of mitochondria. In addition, the collecting tubules showed loss of microprojections. Worthy to mention that there was apparent increase of mesenchymal cells as well as fibroblasts in the fetuses maternally treated with captopril. The significance of these changes was discussed and it should be emphasized that captopril must be taken with caution for pregnant women and those who suffer from renal troubles. Moreover, kidney function should be monitored during therapy . Introduction
Angiotensin
converting
enzyme
(Isogai et al., 1998). It also exerts
(ACE) inhibitors are standard therapy for
significant functional and structural
cardiovascular diseases including conge-
protection against renal radiation injury in
stive heart failure and hypertension. ACE
rats (Moulder et al., 1996). In addition, it
inhibitors have been used worldwide and
protects lung from radiation induced
have been reported to cause relatively few
pneumonitis and fibrosis (Cohen et al.,
side effects. The antihypertensive effects
1996).
of these drugs are related to their ability to
Moreover, Cook and Besso (1997)
block the conversion of the decapeptide,
reported improvements in renal function in
angiotensin I, to the potent pressor octap-
cases of diabetic nephropathy as well as
eptide, angiotensin II. Thus cause vasodi-
proteinuric renal disease following capoten
lation and lowering of blood pressure
treatment. Hii et al., (1998) also found
(Yoshida et al., 1998). .
that capoten inhibits tumor growth in
Captopril
(capoten)
has
been
human renal cell carcinoma.
emphasized as the agent with the most
On the other hand, it is well known
renal protective effect (Jovanovic et al.,
that the treatment with the antihype-
1998 and Gupta et al., 1999). It has been
rtensive drugs may be followed by a
used in several clinical trials to slow a
deterioration in the renal function.
progressive decline in glomerular function
Although the renal protective effects of
in patients with diabetic nephropathy
capoten are well recognized, only a few
20
Chemical, Nutritional and Microbiological Evaluation of SoThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 44 57 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Chemical, Nutritional and Microbiological Evaluation of Some Egyptian Soft Cheeses 1*Ghada, Z. A. A., 2*Alia, M. H., 3**Soha, Al-S., 4*Magdy, N. A., and 5*Mohammed, F. S.,
1 Lecture of Biochemistry, 2 Lecture of Food Hygiene, 3 Lecture of Nutrition, 4 Associate Prof of
Ecological Sciences, 5 Prof of Microbiology. *The National Nutrition Institute.
**Suez Canal University.
Abstract
Milk and dairy products is considered the most complete foodstuff that provide human either infants or adults with most of their vital needs. Milk and cheese have high nutritive value due to its high content of protein, fat, minerals especially calcium (Ca2+) & phosphorous, and vitamins. Two hundred samples produced and sold in Egypt during 2001-2003 were collected from allover the country. The cheese samples were subjected to microbiological and chemical analysis. Samples were microbiologically tested for total aerobic bacterial count (TABC), Colifrm, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus, mould and yeast, salmonella and shigella, and listeria species. Protein, fat, carbohydrates, moisture, ash, lactose, Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and Ca/P were evaluated. The analysis showed that total aerobic bacterial count did not exceed 1.4X105±1.7X105 cells/gm, which is close to what allowed by the Standard Egyptian Guidelines (2001) and 47.5 % of the tested cheese are free from coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. Ninety-eight and half percent, 97 %, 97 % and 91.5 % of the tested cheese (kareish, feta, thalaga, double cream respectively), either made in plant or home or farmers' cheese sample have zero Staphylococcusaureus count or mould and yeast; or salmonella and shigella, or listeria species respectively, i. e. free from them. Double cream cheese has the lowest protein content (7.79±0.78 gm%) while kareish cheese has the highest protein content (19.99±1.32 gm%), but for fat content the opposite is true, double cream cheese have the highest fat content (24.56±1.78 gm%) while kareish cheese have the lowest fat content (3.87±0.97 gm %). Feta cheese has high ash content while kareish cheese has the highest moisture content with the lowest ash content (68.97±1.86 & 1.81±0.47 gm% respectively). Lactose content varies widely from 1.50±0.26 (double cream cheese) to 3.25±0.50 (feta cheese). Kareish cheese has higher content of calcium and phosphorous (641.1±49.21 mg%, 431.18±37.21 mg% respectively) than the remaining types of cheese. Calcium & phosphorous content of kareish cheese is almost the double content of the double cream cheese. Feta cheese has higher Ca/P (1.65±0.19) while thalaga and double cream has lower Ca/P (1.34±0.13 & 1.37±0.20). Each 100 gm of soft cheese can provide children (1-8 y) & adult (9-50 y) from 39.78% & 24.48 % to128.22 % & 64.11% of their Ca Dietary Reference Intake and this from double cream cheese and kareish cheese respectively.
Introduction
Milk and dairy products represent the
(Ca2+), phosphorous, and vitamins (Badawi,
most popular foodstuff that provide human
1996; and Food composition tables, 1998).
with most of their vital needs. In
Cheese is made from milk through clotting
developing countries milk and dairy
using renin or through souring of the milk
products industry represent a powerful
(Miller et al., 1999). The used milk is either
economic income. In Egypt this industry
raw or pasteurized. Cheeses are made either
represent 35%. Milk and cheese have high
in large planning that is well equipped or in
nutritive value due to its high content of
small planning or in farmers' home or in
protein, fat, minerals especially calcium
unlicensed factories. The last three places
44
Possible Association Between the Chemokine Receptor Gene CCR5-Delta32 Mutation and Hepatitis C Virus PathogenesisThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 58 62 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Possible Association Between the Chemokine Receptor Gene CCR5- Delta32 Mutation and Hepatitis C Virus Pathogenesis
*Kouka Saad Eldin Abdel-Wahab, **Mohamed Foda, *Magda Abdel- Moneim Gamil, *Azza-Hassan El-salakawy, ***Gamal El-Attar, **Shinji Harada, **Yosuke Maeda
*Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls,
Al-Azhar University; Cairo, Egypt; **Department of Medical Virology School of
Medicine, Kumamoto University, Japan; ***Department of Internal Medicine,
Theodore Bilharz Institute, Imbaba, Egypt
Abstract Background: CCR5-Delta32, a 32-base pair deletion of the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)5 gene, is associated with slowed human immunodeficiency virus disease progression in heterozygotes and protection against infection in homozygotes between carriers and non-carriers of each genetic variant. The present study investigated the frequency and clinical consequence of the CCR%-Delta32 mutation in Egyptian HCV infected patients. Genomic DNA samples from 150 patients with chronic HCV infection were screened by PCR for the presence of the CCR5-Delta32 polymorphism. One hundred blood donors were used as control population. Results: The frequency of CCR5-Delta32 heterozygosity was 0.67% in chronic hepatitis C virus and 0% in controls. The CCR5-Delta32 allele was not associated with any of the clinical parameters of hepatitis C virus infection. Conclusion: In this study, the frequency of CCR5-Delta32 homozygosity in patients with hepatitis C was similar to controls.
Introductio
Chemokine and chemokine receptor
of HCV-infected hepatocytes. Several
genes are strong candidate genes for
allelic variants of chemokine receptors have
outcome of HCV. Chemokines are 8- to 10-
been shown to be important in the
kd proteins with 20% to 70% homology in
pathogenesis of viral infection. The most
amino acid sequences. There are approx-
widely known, a 32-base-pair deletion in
imately 40 chemokines identified to date,
the open reading frame of CCR5
which are classified according to the confi-
(CCR5D32) is associated with protection
guration of cysteine residues near the N-
against human immunodeficiency virus 1
terminus into 4 families: CC-, CXC-, and
(HIV-1) infection and delayed progression
CX3C-. They play important roles in
to AIDS in white populations.
leukocyte trafficking to sites of infection
The importance of the HIV-1 co-
and in regulating T helper cell polarization.
receptors has been highlighted by the fact
They also have crucial roles in linking
that individuals who possess two alleles of
innate and adaptive immunity. Chemokine
a 32-base pair deletion in CCR5 coreceptor
receptors are G-protein coupled, 7-transm-
gene that abrogates cell surface expression
embrane receptors, which are categorized
of the CCR5 molecule display near absolute
based on the chemokine class they bind.
resistance to HIV-1 transmission (Dean et
Chemokine-chemokine receptor interac- al., 1996). About 20% and 1% of
tions are likely to be important in chronic
Caucasians are heterozygous and homo-
hepatitis C, where T cells are recruited to
zygous, respectively, for the CCR5-Delta
the liver parenchyma to mediate clearance
32 allele (Huang et al., 1994).
Cytogenetic and Developmental Effects of Antidepression Drug (Cipralex) on Female Mice and EmbryosThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 63 69 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002 Cytogenetic and Developmental Effects of Antidepression Drug (Cipralex) on Female Mice and Embryos
Hanaa M. Roshdy & Thanaa M.T Shoman
Cell Biology Department, National Research Center
Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Abstract Escitalopram (cipralex®) a new highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, it is effective in the treatment of patients with major depression. To evaluate the cytogenetics and developmental effects of cipralex throughout major organgenesis, mice were administrated orally with a doses of 0.06, 0.12 and 0.24 mg/kg/day cipralex on gestation days 1-18 and examined on the 19th day of gestation for evidence of maternal and fetal toxicity. Cipralex at different doses tested produce significant toxic effects in reproductive parameters. Significant embryo fetotoxic effects were observed at tested dose levels as evidenced by total number of implantations, post. Implantation loss and embryo malformations. There were increases in the frequencies of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in both maternal and embryonic cells treated with cipalex, these increases were dose dependent. These results indicate that cipralex is considered to be cytogenetic and embryo toxic drug when administered during pregnancy. Key words:- Escitalopram - chromosomal aberrations micronuclei embryo mice Introduction
Depression is a common and serious
Escitalopram (Cipralex), a new highly
disorder, every year, depression affects
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is
10% of adult humans over age 18,
effective in the treatment of patients with
depression takes a big toll is suffering and
major depressive disorder (Croom and
can lead to suicidien severe cases.
Plosker, 2003). Due to the risk associated
However, scientists do not know the exact
with
untreated
depressive
women
mechanism that triggers depressive illness.
(Cipralex) therapy is generally continued
In the past scientists believed that
during pregnancy.
depression was the result of thoughts or
For Escitaloprom (Cipralex) no
emotions that were troubling for a person.
clinical data are available regarding
More recently, experts realize that there can
exposed pregnancies. In rat reproductive
be several factors working together that will
toxicity
studies
performed
with
lead a person to become depressed. The
Escitalopram, embryo-toxic effects, but no
three most important of these are biological,
increased incidence of malformations, were
genetic and environmental factors (Croom
observed. So, in the present study we
and Plosker, 2004).
examined the cytogenetics effect of
Biological causes are due to the
Escitaloprom on pregnant mice and
changes in the chemistry of the brain, such
embryos and the fetal developmental
as fluctuations in the levels of important
toxicity of cipralex given orally to mice
hormones.
during the pregnancy.
Genetic causes are the result of what
you inherit from your parents, if one or both Materials and Methods
of parents have a depression, then it can be 1. Test drug:
transmitted to sons. Environmental factors,
CipralexR (Escitalopram oxalate) is
result from stressful emotional situations,
sparingly soluble in water slightly soluble
depression can also occur as a result of a
in acetone, freely soluble in methanol, its
combination of the three factors.
chemical
name:
S(+)-1-
(3-diem
63
L -Carnitine and Melatonin reverse CCl4 induced Liver fibrosis In Rats (Histological and Histochemical studies)The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 70 92 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
L -Carnitine and Melatonin Reverse CCl4 Induced Liver Fibrosis In Rats (Histological and Histochemical Studies) Fatma, A. Morsy, Abdel Razik, H. Farrag and Sonya, L. El-Sharkawy
Abstract
Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) is closely related chemically to chloroform and likewise in
hepatic poisons. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of carbon tetrachloride on liver of male rats and the reversing effects of L-carnitine and melatonin on established liver fibrosis. A total of 72 adult male albino rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into six groups. Group (1) animals of the first group were kept as control andtreated with paraffin oil twice weekly for eight weeks. Group (2) rats of the second group were injected with CCl4 intraperitoneally at 0.15 ml per rats (diluted 1:1 in liquid paraffin) twice weekly for eight weeks to produced liver fibrosis. Group (3) following establishment with CCl4 which induced liver
fibrosis, the rats were treated with L-carnitine at a dose level of 50 mg/kg for four weeks. Group (4) rats with liver fibrosis were injected intraperitoneally with melatonin at dose level of 10 mg/kg for four weeks. The fifth and sixth groups were given L-carnitine and/or melatonin at dose levels of 50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively for four weeks. Histological changes in the liver of rats treated with CCl4 including liver fibrosis,
architecture distortion and appearance of many pseudolobule. The fibrous tissues run in septa between the nodules. The liver damage varied from one area to another and varied from moderate fibrosis to cirrhosis. Quantitative measurement of the severity of liver fibrosis (area damage) was achieved by using computerized image analysis (Leica image) showed that highly significant increase in area of fibrosis was recorded in the case of rats treated with CCl4 only.
Quantitative DNA image analysis showed that 3% of aneuploid cells could be noticed in liver of rats treated with CCl4 only. Histochemical results of rats treated with CCl4 showed
highly significant increase in grey level of mucopolysaccharides and protein levels. No histological and histochemical changes could be noticed in the liver of rats treated with either L- carnitine or melatonin only. Both Lcarnitine and melatonin were found to reverse CCl4 induced
liver damage. Keywords: L-carnitine, melatonin, carbontetrachloride, liver fibrosis, rats, histological, histochemical.
Introduction
Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) are group
and dry cleaner under the trade name of
of hydrocarbons. All hydrocarbons, are
"pyrene" and "carbona". CCl4 is sometimes
central nervous system (CNS) depressant.
used by hair dressers as dry shampoo
Aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons
(Rubbin, et al., 1984). Chronic exposure to
are rapidly absorbed and distributed into the
CCl4 lead to plastic anemia and irreversible
central nervous system, liver and kidney. It
bone marrow damage (Sullivan and
is closely related chemically to chloroform
Krieger, 1992).
and likewise in hepatic poisons (Wilson, et
L carnitine is synthesized in the al., 1991). Carbontetrachloride has a wide
body from the amino acids lysine and
spread use in various industries as a solvent
methionine. Lcarnitine is a valuable as a
(El-Dessoky, et al., 1978). CCl4 has been
high quality supplement from body building
introduced into home as fire extinguisher
come, as well as from natural and synthetic
70
Biological effects of ivermectin on the fowl tickThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :93 105 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Biological effects of ivermectin on the fowl tick Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken) (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) Marzouk, A.S.*; Swelim, H.H.*; Montasser, A.A.*and Gadallah, A.I.**
*Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
** Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University Abstract
The present study is carried out to assess the effect induced by different single subcutaneous injections of ivermectin (IVM) (100, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 g/kg pigeon weight) injected 2 or 7 days before tick feeding on some biological parameters such as mobility and viability, sexual activity, ingested blood, amount of coxal fluid, blood digestion and fertility in the tick Argas (P.) persicus to define the effective dose. This effective dose was used in similar assessment conducted 2 or 3 weeks post injection in order to confirm the degradation of ivermectin concentration in the host blood and to determine the number of required doses for complete control . From this study we conclude: 1) IVM induces complete immobilization of both males and females when they are fed on hosts injected by doses over 100 g/kg. 2) The use of two doses of 400 g/kg with a week interval completely controls the tick population. 3) Sexual response was completely negative at doses over 200 g/kg. 4) The amount of coxal fluid emitted by both sexes decreased markedly when fed after host injection with all doses, whereas the amount of ingested blood remained generally not highly affected. 5) The number of ovipositing females, number of eggs deposited and their hatching percent decreased markedly with the increase of dose used. Blood digestion was not noticed in males at doses >200 ug/kg and in females at doses >100ug/kg . Key Words: Argas, Efficacy, Ivermectin, Ixodoidea, Oviposition.
Introduction
A. persicus is a specific parasite of
1981; Lancaster et al., 1982a,b; Soll et al.,
domestic and certain wild birds in parts of
1984; Cramer et al., 1988a,b; Ash and
the world (Hoogstraal, 1985). It may feed
Oliver, 1989; Wilson et al., 1991; Gonzales
on humans and cause severe irritation (Yu et al., 1993; Miller et al., 1997; Morsy and
Quan et al., 1995). It is an efficient reser-
Haridy (2000).
voir and/or vector for several viruses, rick-
The present study is undertaken to
ettsia, spirochaetes and mycoplasms (cited
assess the effect induced in A. persicus fed
by Hoogstraal, 1985; Nemova et al., 1990).
on hosts injected by different doses of IVM.
IVM, a macrocyclic lactone, has an
The work includes bioassays on some
excellent activity against a broad spectrum
biological parameters such as viability,
of nematodes and ectoparasites of human
sexual behavior, amount of ingested blood
and domestic animals (Shoop et al., 1995 ;
and emitted coxal fluid, blood digestion and
Casado et al.,2002 ). The subcutaneous
fertility to define the effective dose.
route of drug administration is more
persistent in the plasma and more effective Materials And Methods
than when administered through other
formulations (McKellar and Benchaoui, Tick rearing: A. persicus used in the
1996). A considerable literature dealing
present work originated from ticks obtained
with the activity of IVM against several
from a fowl house in Giza Governorate,
species of ticks used this route ( Egerton et
Arab Republic of Egypt and maintained in al., 1980; Wilkins et al., 1980; Frossard,
the Zoology Department laboratories,
93
Acute Hepatitis EThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :106 114 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Acute Hepatitis E. virus infection in Egypt Osman*, F, Abu-Shady**, EA, Abd El-Wahab**, KSE, El-Rashidy**, ZE,
Abbassia Fever Hospital, Ministry of Public Health*
Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine
Al-Azhar University (Girls)**
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is largely responsible for water borne epidemics in many developing countries. The principle mode of HEV transmission is the fecal oral route in epidemic and sporadic forms with a high case fatality ratio in pregnant women. Serum samples from 50 healthy subjects and from 435 acute viral hepatitis patients, 4-75 years old, were screened for markers of acute viral hepatitis. These included (HBsAg, anti-HBc (IgM), anti-
HDV (IgM), HAV (IgM), anti-HCV (IgG), and anti-HEV (IgG), and (IgM) tests by enzyme- linked immunoassays (EIA). Furthermore isolation of HEV from peripheral blood lymphocytes and from stools belonging to anti-HEV IgG-positive patients was attempted by inoculation of HepG2 and Vero
cell line cultures. The inoculated cell cultures were examined after immunoperoxidase staining for the detection of HEV antigen. Plasma, lymphocytes and stool samples from anti-HEV IgM positive patients were examined for HEV RNA by PCR. Anti-HEV IgG was found in 144/435 (33%) of these acute hepatitis patients. Anti-HEV (IgM) was detected in 8/52 (15.4%) out of 52 chosen from the 144 sera that were anti-HEV IgG positive cases. HEV was isolated in HepG2 from 32.6% of lymphocyte and from 34.9% of stools from
patients positive for anti-HEV (IgG). While it was isolated from 71.4% of lymphocytes and from 100% of stools from patients positive for anti-HEV (IgM). In Vero cell cultures there was no HEV isolation from stools but HEV was isolated from 50% of lymphocytes. HEV RNA was detected by PCR in 85.7% of stools, 62.5% of plasma, and in 37.5% of lymphocyte samples belonging to anti-HEV IgM positive cases. Analysis of these diagnostic tests indicated that virus isolation from peripheral blood lymphocytes and stools by inoculation of HepG2 cell cultures is
more sensitive than virus-RNA detection by PCR
Introduction
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an
with maternal mortality rates reaching as
enterically transmitted hepatotropic infec-
high as 25 % as opposed to 0.07-0.6% in
tion spreads by the fecal oral route usually
the general population (Mishra and Seef,
through fecally polluted water. Acute viral
1992). Abortion with evidence of fetal HEV
hepatitis develops after an incubation
infection followed acute maternal infection
period of 8-10 weeks. Clinical attack rates
(Abdel Wahab et al. (1996); Abou El Kheir
are the highest among young adults. et al. (2004) under publication).
Asymptomatic and anicteric infections
In humans and in experimental virus
occur but chronic HEV infection is not
infection of animals viral excretion in stools
recorded. Acute HEV hepatitis may be
began approximately 1 week prior to the
particularly severe among pregnant women,
onset of illness and persisted for nearly 2
106
Ultrastructural Studies of The Pigment EpitheliumThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :115 129 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Ultrastructural Studies of The Pigment Epithelium of Retinae of Some Reptiles Fairoze Khattab ; Fahmy I. Khattab; Nagui Fares and Aman Zaki
(Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science ,Ain Shams University,
Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract The present work was designed to reveal the fine structure of the pigment epithelium of the retina in four different reptiles: the homed viper Cerastes cerastes (diurnal and nocturnal), the European Chameleo chameleon (diurnal),the gold skink Eumeces schenrdii (diurnal) and the Egyptian gecko Traentola annularis (nocturnal) . The pigment epithelium of each type reptiles possessed certain unique features in their morphology and ultrastructure to accommodate with their day and night activity. The most striking feature was the presence of myoid bodies in the pigment epithelium of the diurnal reptiles. These bodies trigger the photomechanical movement of the myoid region in cones of their retinae.
Introduction The visual system of vertebrates and
(Eumeces schenrdii)and Egyptian gecko
many higher invertebrates has evolved to
(Tarentola annularis) were used. All anim-
provide a detailed picture of the surrou-
als under investigation were collected from
nding environment (Bowmaker, 1991).
Abou-Rawash district ,Giza Governarate, in
Retina is the light sensitive part of the eyes
Egypt.
. It is located near the eye, corresponding to
Animals were sacrificed and the
the film of the camera (Villee et al.
whole eye of each animal was quickly
,1989).The retinal pigment epithelium
removed. The whole eye was then placed in
(RPE) is the outer most (scleral) layer of
5% glutraldehyde, buffered to pH 7.3 at 4oC
the retina. It has several processes which
.after one hour a circular cut was made
accommodate with the proper function of
parallel to the corneal margin with a sharp
the photoreceptors and ultimately to vision
razor blade. This caused the division of the
itself (Braekevelt and Richardson 1996).
eye into two portions. The posterior
The melanin granules of the pigment
portion, containing the retina, was cut into
epithelium act as photo pigment involved in
small pieces, about 1 mm2each .The
protecting the retina from sudden bright
samples were placed in fresh 5% cold
junctions, directly with the iris muscles
glutraldehyde and fixation was continued
(Moyer,1969). As a consequence of these
for five hours. Samples were then washed
several important functions, these region of
in two changes of cold phosphate buffer,
the vertebrate retina has been investigated
pH 7.3,for 1 hour. The specimens were then
in a variety of animals and with variety of
post-fixed for 1-2 hours in buffered 1%
techniques. Morphological studies have
osmium tetraoxide. They were washed
shown as remarkable similarity throughout
twice for 15 minutes, in phosphate buffer,
vertebrate species but with phylogenetic
pH 7.3,then dehydrated in ascending grades
differences usually present (Nguyen-
of ethanol to propylene oxide and
Legros, 1978;Kuwabara, 1979 ,Braekevelt,
embedded in Araldite each.
1980, 1986, 1988,1992,1993 and 1994).
Semithin sections of 0.7m thickness
were cut with glass knives on the 6000 MT Materials And Methods
RMC ultratome. Stained with 0.25%
In the present work, four adult
toludine blue (Davis,1971).and examined
Egyptian reptiles, the homed viper
by light microscopy. Thin sections (600-
(Cerastes cerastes), European Chameleon
700o A ) were then cut and collected on
(Chameleo chameleon),gold
skink
copper grids. These sections were stained
115
Immunohistochemical Study Of Bcl-2 Protein And Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia And ProstatiThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :130 142 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Immunohistochemical Study Of Bcl-2 Protein And Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia And Prostatic Carcinoma Ahmed H. Abel-Rahman- Ghada A. Abdel-Aziz*- Ali Emad S** Abdel- Basset A. Badawy***- Alaa Ar. Abdel-Hafez***
Departments of Pathology, Dermatology & Veneriology* and Urology**
Al-Azhar University (Assiut & Girls) and South Valley University***
Abstract:
The human prostate, a male sexual accessory tissue involved in seminal fluid production, has a remarkably high incidence of hyperplastic and neoplastic disease. The present study was carried out on one hundred and twenty (120) specimens divided into two groups; group 1: Included forty cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and group 2: Included sixty cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC) (22 were low grade; GS: 2-6 and 38 were high grade; GS: 7- 10),in addition to twenty cases of histologically normal prostates taken as controls. Immunohistochemical technique was applied to detect Bcl-2 as well as ER positivity in all specimens. Group 1 showed the following profile: ER (+) in all cases (100%), Bcl-2 (-) in 95%, ER (+) / Bcl-2 (+) in 95%, ER (-) / Bcl-2 (+) in 0%, ER (+) / Bcl-2 (-) in 5% and ER (-) / Bcl-2 (-) in 0% of cases while group 2 showed the following profile: ER (+) in 30%, Bcl-2 (+) in 21.7%, ER (+) / Bcl-2 (+) in 15%, ER (-) / Bcl-2 (+) in 6.7%, ER (+) / Bcl-2 (-) in 15% and ER (-) / Bcl-2 (-) in 70% of cases. The mean epithelial ER -immunolabeling was, however, significantly increased in group 2 than in group 1 (P < 0.05) which, in turn, being higher than the normal cases (P<0.05 ) . Among group 2 , the mean ER was significantly more in high grade than in low grade tumors (P < 0.05), however, the mean ER immunolabeling revealed no significant correlation with T-stage (P = 0.219) or with the clinical stage (P = 0.391). In contrast, the Bcl-2 immunostaining was statistically higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P < 0.05) and showed a significant correlation with T stage (P < 0.05) although the study displayed no significant correlation between Bcl-2 immunopositivity and either Gleason score (P = 0.125) or the histologic grade (P = 0.146). In addition, combined ER (+)/ Bcl 2 (+) immunoreactivity demonstrated the aggressive subgroup of PC cases more accurately than either ER (+) or Bcl-2 (+) alone. Finally, multivariate analysis showed that the Bcl-2, proved to be an independent prognostic indicator (P < 0.05). Thus, the immunohistochemical expression of ER and Bcl-2 protein in prostatic tissue may aid in better understanding the biology and genesis of both prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma . Key words:Bcl-2, Estrogen receptor-alpha, Immunohistochemistry, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Prostatic carcinoma.
Introduction:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
hormonal balance has been suspected to be
occurs in approximately 70% of men over
implicated in the etiology of BPH
70 years old and develops at a time when
particularly following the discovery that 17
the levels of testosterone are falling and
-estradiol acts synergistically with testost-
estrogen levels are rising, thus, resulting in
erone in experimentally induced BPH in the
an increase in the estrogen: androgen
dog(2). For estrogen to be directly involved
ratio(1). This age-related shift in the
in the genesis of human BPH, the prostate
130
þÿThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :143 154 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Mutagenic studies on the effect of Aldicarb "Temik" and vitamin C as antioxidant agent on the white rat: (Chromosomal aberrations and Micronucleus tests) Fatma M. Hamam* and Ihab H. Foda
*Department Of Mammalian Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Center, Ministry Of Agriculture.
Abstract
Widespread contamination of the environment due to increased and frequently indiscriminate usage of insecticides during the last two decades has aroused much concern over the possibility of their radiominetic effect. Evidence accumulating over the years emphasized the indisputable link between certain insecticides, chromosomal damage and possibility of gene mutation. There is a wide variety of insecticides, among which the carbamates. Their chemical relationship to ethyl carbamate makes them worthy of study for their possible deleterious effect on biological system. The main object of the present study is to evaluate the mutagenic effect of a carbamate insecticide" Aldicarb" alone and in combination of vitamin C as an antioxidant agent to decrease their mutagenicity. Male albino rats were tested orally for 48 hours , two doses of aldicarb were used in absence and in the presence of viamin C (1/4 and 1/10) LD50. The obtained data showed highly significant increase in the micronucleus (PCEM) and in chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow cells at the two doses of aldicarb compared to control group. (P< 0.0001). The frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus decreased in rats treated with aldicarb and vitamin C than in aldicarb treated group. From these results we concluded that cytogenetic effect of aldicarb might be decreased by the usage of vitamin as an antioxidant agent.
Key words : Carbamate, Aldicarb, Chromosomal aberration, Micronucleus, Antioxidant agents.
Introduction
The genetic integrity of human
approaches, although in human biomon-
populations is increasingly under threat due
itoring studies, the cytogenetic assays are
to industrial activities, which result in
the most commonly used (Pastor et al.,
exposure to chemical and physical genot-
2001). Chromosomal aberrations (CA) may
oxins. Other factors, which can influence
be used as an early warning signal for
genetic damage, include life style factors.
cancer development, and it has been
E.g. diet, various medical therapies, and
suggested that the detection of an increase
climatic damage e.g., increased exposure to
in chromosomal aberration, related to an
UV radiation due to depletion of atmos-
exposure to genotoxic agents, may be used
pheric ozone (Fenech, 1993). According to
to estimate cancer risk (Carrano and
IARC (1991) more than 25% of pesticides
Natarajan, 1988 and Hagmar et al., 1994).
are classified as oncogens. Changes in
The observation that chromosomal damage
genetic material are the basis of this process
can be caused by exposure to ionizing
because many environmental pollutants are
radiation or carcinogenic chemicals was
chemical carcinogens and mutagen with the
among the first reliable evidence that
capacity of causing DNA damage (El-
physical and chemical agents can cause
Khatib and Rokaya, 2001).
major alternations to the genetic material of
The testing for genetic damage
euokaryotic cells (Evans, 1977). In the
induction has been carried out by different
classical
cytogenetic
technique
143
EVALUATION OF HYDATID DISEASEThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :155 166 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Evaluation Of Hydatid Disease (Echinoccosis) In Algmeil Hospital (2002 2003) Abdel-Hakim Rezeeg
Assistant Professor Of Surgery
Algmeil Hospital - Libia
Abstract:
Hydatidosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the dog tapeworm Echinococcus and its larval stage, the hydatid cyst. Humans can accidentally become intermediate hosts by ingesting the eggs of the tapeworm. While most cysts deve lop in the liver and lungs. animals. At present, four species of the genus Echinococcus are recognized and regarded as taxonomically valid: E. granulosus (cystic hydatidosis), E. multilocularis (multivesicular hydatidosis), E. vogeli (polycystic hydatidosis) and E. oligarthrus(Soulsby, 1982). A total number of 23 patients were included in this study. 13 patients were females while the rest 10 were male patients. All cases were properly diagnosed as Hydated disease and then treated in the surgery Department of Algmeil Hospital (Libia) in the last 2 years (2002 and 2003). Proper investigations as well as treatment were carried out. The obtained results werestatistically analyzed. Four types of presentation of the disease were observed in this study and presented, Asymptomatic 78.26%, Obstructive jaundice 8.69%, Accidental rupture 8.69% and Pressure symptom 4.34%. In spite of the progress in these areas, echinococcus/ hydatidosis remains a serious public health problem in a number of countries. It is very important to support and implement new control programmes so as to prevent further spread of the disease. Research in possible vaccines is essential in order to supplement the existing methods of breaking the Echinococcus life cycle. Introduction and historical review
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis is a zoonotic
domestication and spread of some of these
parasitic disease caused by the dog
animals from Europe to other parts of the
tapeworm Echinococcus and its larval
world has given Echinococcus granulosus a
stage, the hydatid cyst. This parasite is
worldwide distribution. It has been
found worldwide and causes serious public
extensively studied in a number of different
health problems in certain parts of the
geographical areas and is now present in
world (Schantz, 1990). In addition there are
Asia, Africa, South and Central America
economic losses from the condemnation of
and the Mediterranean region (McManus
affected organs. and Smyth, 1986). It is also common in
Echinococcosis is a cyclozoonosis
parts of the United Kingdom, Europe and
that requires two vertebrate hosts to uphold
Australia (Cook, 1989; Schantz, 1990).
the life cycle. Humans can accidentally
Some countries, such as Iceland and
become intermediate hosts by ingesting the
Cyprus, have already eradicated or are close
eggs of the tapeworm. While most cysts
to eradicating the disease. Control measures
develop in the liver and lungs, other organs
in New Zealand and Australia (Tasmania)
arid tissue may become affected (Soulsby,
have significantly reduced the prevalence of 1982). E. granulosus, and successful control
The wide variety of animal species
programmes are currently being conducted
that can act as intermediate hosts and the
in Turkana (Kenya), Chile and the People's
511
Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in some reptilesThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 :167 186 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in some reptiles
Fairoze Khattab; Fahmy I. Khattab; Nagui Fares and Aman Zaki
(Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University,
Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.)
Abstract
The structure of the photoreceptors of four different reptiles: the homed viper Cerastes cerastes (diurnal and nocturnal), the European Chameleo chameleon (diurnal), the gold skink Eumeces schneidrii (diurnal) and the Egyptian gecko, Tarentola annularis (nocturnal) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. The photoreceptors of diurnal reptiles were mainly of the cone type and those of nocturnal were mainly rods. The ellipsoid region of both double rods in the nocturnals and large single cones in the species having both nocturnals and diurnal activity, consist of several mitochondria arranged in a remarkable radially gradient architecture which accommodates with the specific function of this region as a focusing device helping to condense light onto the outer segments. Moreover the principle cone of double cone and single cone of diurnal reptiles possessed a large oil droplet in the region between the inner segment and outer segment. This droplet is thought to play a role in filtering light and so doing enhanced contrast reduce glare and lessen chromatic aberration. It is worth to mention that the outer segment of rods in nocturnal reptiles approaches a length of approximately four folds the length of the inner segments of the same photoreceptors cells. This character is of a particular interest, since the outer segment is the site of photopigments and the increase in its length magnifies its ability of light and consequently accommodate with the night vision.
Introduction The structure of retinal photoreceptors
found in most scleral parts of the inner
has been investigated in a variety of
segment, mainly in cones, in amphibians,
vertebrate species (Cohen, 1963 a & b,
reptiles and birds ( Hailman, 1976 & Mac
Braekevelt, 1972, 1975, 1989, 1992, 1994).
Nichol et .al 1978).Synapses of rods and
While some variation is noted between
cones were first described by Dickson &
species, the typical photoreceptor consists
Hollenberg,1971,Borwein & Hollenberg,
of an outer segment, connecting cilium,
1973).
inner segment nuclear region with synaptic
Rods and cones are two distinct types
process and paired or double cones occur
of photoreceptors of the retina were first
widely in all groups below the placental
described by Schultze (1867 & 1873) , he
mammals,
including
the
mammalian
studied both nocturnal and diurnal
marsupials (Braekevelt,1972).
vertebrate species and formulated his
The outer segment of the photore-
duplicity theory.
ceptor lies close to and intimately asso-
Vertebrate
retinae
are
duplex,
ciated with the pigment epithelium ( Hogan,
containing both rods operating maximally et. al , 1974).
at low light intensities and cones ,operating
The outer and inner segments were
maximally at high insensitive and in colour
connected by an eccentrically positioned
vision (Borwein,1981). Some retinae had
stalk (cilium) ( Fawcett, 1966 ; Borwein &
been reported to contain rods only, e.g. in
Hollenberg, 1973).
rats, but a few cones have been shown to be
Coloured or colourless oil droplets are
present by Hughes (1977).
permanent inclusions of the adult visual cell
Rods and cones appear together in
in some non mammlian species ,They are
primates. The cone inner segment is much
167
Effect of Systematic Lupus Erythematosus on some Biochemical Parameters in Female PatientsThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 187 196 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Effect of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus on some Biochemical Parameters in Female Patients Eman G.E Helal*, Medhat El- Shafaey**, Hala Rahoma** and Mervat Abdel- Rahman***
*Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al- Azhar University (Girls).** Clinical
Immunology and Allergy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain- Shams University.
***Clinical Pathology Lab., Student Hospital, Cairo University.
Abstract:
It has been noticed that there is an increase in the number of women suffering from SLE.
Most studies confirmed that serum DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and DHEA sulphate are lower among patients with SLE than among controls even- during phases of inactive disease so we performed this study to detect the level of DHEA-S in the female patients with SLE. The overall results confirm that DHEA treatment was well- tolerated, significantly reduced the number of SLE flares, and improved patient's global assessment of disease activity. Some serum parameters like liver and kidney functions were detected. Biochemical analysis showed that there is a significant increase of total lipids, cholestrol, triglycerides. But insignificant change in serum glucose, urea nitrogen and uric acid levels were recorded. From the present study three things were concluded. Firstly, there is a strong relationship between level of DHEA and the progression of SLE. Secondly, liver activity and kidney functions were not affected by SLE disease.Thirdly, DHEA treatment has a beneficial effect on female patients. So this study recommended to follow up DHEAS in female patients and use it in a proper dosage. In addition, further study must be done.
Systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) is an
progesterone, cortisone and many other
autoimmune
disease
that
causes
a
steroid hormones. Possible therapeutic
characterisitic rash associated with inflam-
applications of DHEA supplementation
mation of connective tissues, particularly
include the prevention and\or treatment of
joints, throughout the body. In autoimmune
heart disease, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis
diseases, the immune system attacks the
and arthritis (Barrett-conner et al., 1986).
body instead of protecting it. Renal,
Several studies have documented that
pulmonary and vascular damage are
serum levels of DHEA and DHEA sulphate
potential problems resulting from SLE
are lower among patients with SLE than
(Kardestuncer and Frumkin, 1997).
among controls even during phases of
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is the
inactive disease and that these lower levels
most abundant steroid in the bloodstream
are not explained by corticosteroid therapy
produced mainly in the adrenal glands. It is
(Jungers et al., 1982 and Lahita et al., 1987).
a prohormone that produces other hormones.
The decline in circulating DHEA levels
DHEA converts to estrogens, testosterone,
occuring with aging has been linked to the
187
EFFECT OF L-CYSTEINE ON BLOOD PICTURE AND SOME SERUM PARAMETERS IN RATS EXPOSED TO 2 GAUSS ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 197 206 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Effect Of L-Cysteine On Blood Picture And Some Serum Parameters In Rats Exposed To 2 Gauss Electro-Magnetic Field
Objective: investigation of the bio-effects of exposure to 2 gauss electromagnetic field (EMF) on blood elements, blood glucose, hepatocellular enzymes and bilirubin of mice and their possible modification by L-cysteine. Methods: the following groups were studied; (1) normal rats treated with saline; (2) normal rats treated with L-cysteine (18 mg/kg); (3) rats exposed to EMF for 21 days and treated with the vehicle (saline) during the exposure period; (4) rats exposed to EMF for 21 days and treated with L-cysteine (18 mg/kg orally, 3 times per week) during the exposure period; (5) rats exposed to EMF for 21 days and treated with the vehicle (saline) during the exposure period and for 45 days after exposure; (6) rats exposed to EMF for 21 days and treated with L-cysteine (18 mg/kg orally, 3 times per week) during the exposure period and for 45 days after exposure; Results: in rats exposed to low frequency EMF for 21 days (group2), marked increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities in serum was observed. Plasma bilirubin level was raised. Meanwhile, significant decrease in plasma glucose levels occured after exposure to EMF. No significant changes were observed in haemoglobin level, red blood cells or total leucocytic count noted in rats exposed to EMF. The elevations in serum bilirubin, AST and ALT levels were reduced to near normal values in rats given L-cysteine druing the 21 days of exposure (group3). On the other hand, in rats examined 45 days after the end of the exposure period (group 3), no significant alterations were noted as regards bilirubin, AST, ALT and glucose levels in serum. Conclusions: these results suggest that (1) exposure to low frequency EMF of 50 Hz is associated with some degree of liver injury reflected in increased leakage of hepatoceular enzymes into plasma as well as an increase in serum bilirubin; (2) these alterations can be ameliorated by the administration of L-cysteine, as well as; (3) by limiting exposure to EMF.
Key Words: Electro-magnetic field, liver enzymes, rat, blood picture Introduction
In the recent years, there has been
of low frequency EMF has received
considerable research effort undertaken on
considerable interest (Pasquinelli et al., 1993;
the biological effects and potential hazards of
Petrini et al., 1990). It has been suggested
low frequency electric and magnetic fields.
that exposure to low frequency EMF of 75 Hz
Especialy
in
Egypt,
where
electric
and an intensity of 20 Gauss caused an
equipments are being used without earthing,
increase in mouse life span (Pasquinelli et al.,
there exists EMF of 1-3 gauss, because of the
1993), while sub-acute exposure to EMF (128
long extension of electric cables in work
mT 1hour/day for 10 consecutive days)
places, houses, laboratories, etc...
stimulated plasma corticosterone and liver
Studies suggested that EMF may
metallothionein activities in rats (Chater et
influence the physiological processes in al., 2004). In addition, epidemiological
biological systems. In particular, the effects
studies have implicated EMF exposure with
197
Bone mineral density in different stages of non The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 207 216 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002 Bone Mineral Density In Different Stages Of Non Cholestatic Liver Cirrhoses *Azza Emam. , ** Omer Hossian. And **Sherif Abou Gamrah .
Department of Internal Medicine. **Department of Radio diagnosis,
Ain Shams University.
Abstract Hepatic osteodystrophy refers to metabolic Bone abnormalities observed in chronic liver disease. It is an important complication of chronic liver disease which includes osteoporosis and the much rare osteomalacia. It is varying from 13% to 70%, depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used to define bone disease. The advances in bone densitometry and the development of newer techniques, such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), make it possible to rapidly and precisely quantify the amount of bone in the relevant fracture sites. DEXA is noninvasive, rapid, accurate, and safe. So it is the gold standard with which all other technologies are compared. So in this study, BMD was measured using DEXA technique at 2 sites; antro-posterior lumbar spines and femoral neck in 30 cirrhotic patients and 10 healthy volunteers as a control group. In addition routine laboratory investigations; CBC, ESR, Liver function tests, renal function tests, serum Na, K, Ca and Phosphorus, urinary 24 h Ca and viral markers; HBVs Ag and HCV Ab was done and abdominal U/S. We concluded that liver cirrhosis is a direct and independent risk factor for bone loss which is mainly in the form of osteoporosis rather than osteomalacia and the degree of bone loss is related to severity of the liver disease as it worsens as the liver function does. The trabecular bone is more clearly affected than cortical bone. So BMD should be measured in cirrhotic patients and management should be started in osteopenic and osteoporotic patients and follow up should be done.
Introduction
An important complication of chronic
The role of hepatocellular dysfunction
liver disease is osteodystrophy which
in hepatic osteodystrophy is not clear. The
includes osteoporosis and the much rarer
risk of fracture increases progressively with
osteomalacia (collier et al., 2002). Hepatic
decreasing bone mineral density (bmd), it
osteodystrophy occurs in up to 50% of
increases two to three fold for each standard
patients with chronic liver disease and is
deviation (sd) decrease in bmd (marshal et
mainly due to an imbalance between bone al., 1996).
formation and bone resorption that results
In recent years, with progress in the
in osteoporosis (crosbie et al., 1996).
therapy of liver cirrhosis and its
Osteoporosis is defined as a
complications, there has been an increase in
progressive systemic skeletal disease
patient survival, as well as in the incidence
characterized by low bone mass and micro
of fractures and other manifestations of
architectural deterioration of bone tissue
metabolic bone disease associated with
with a consequent increase in bone fragility
chronic liver disease (duarte et al., 2001).
and susceptibility to fracture (newton et al.,
For this reason, the management of hepatic 2001). In general, there are secondary
osteodystrophy
has
become
more
factors such as malabsorption and nutrit-
important.
ional deficiencies that may cause bone
The advances in bone densitometry
changes in chronic liver disease (mehmet et
and the development of newer techniques, al., 2002).
such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
702
Default Normal TemplateThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 17 : 217 231 Dec.2004
I.S.S.N: 12084
1687 -2002
Asymptomatic Urinary Tract infection (UTI) among diabetic females Mona Hosny*, Yasser Soliman*, Ahmed Abdel-Kader* and Ahmed Mohamed**
*Internal Medicine Department, Ain Shams University
** Medical commission, Ain Shams University Abstract: Our study was conducted on 1000 diabetic females of variable ages without symptoms of UTI. There were both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. There were both married and unmarried females in both types of DM. In addition to 100 normal females, which are age matched with patients group. They constituted control group. Prevalence of ASB is significantly higher (P<0.01), by 4-5 folds in diabetic females than in normal ones. Several risk factors have been identified as glucosuria, proteinuria and duration of DM, whereas age, duration of marriage and seual activity are not proven to increase prevalence of ASB in diabetic females in our study. Repeated pregnancy times may be a risk factor for ASB in type 2 diabetic females (P<0.01). Staph. aureus was present in 54% of bacteriuric patients (with positive cultures) with either types of DM and E.coli was present in 30.8% of bacteriuric patients with either types of DM. Staph aureus is present in 45.9% of patients with type 1DM, while in type 2 DM, it was present in 59.1% of patients. E.Coli was isolated in 41.2% of patients with type 1 DM and it was present in 24.2% of patients with type 2 DM. Introduction It is well established that individuals
The presence
of
asymptomatic
with diabetes are at higher risk than their
bacteriuria is most strongly correlated with
non-diabetic counterparts for a variety of
variables consistent with duration of
bacterial infections. High post voidal resi-
diabetes rather than with control of diabetes
dual volumes related to bladder dysfunction (Zhanel, Nicolle and Marding, 1995).
increase the likelihood of urinary tract
The most common cause of UTI in
infections (Sherita et al., 1999).
men and women with DM is E.Coli
Urinary tract infections can be (Mansen et al., 1998).
asymptomatic or symptomatic (Gonzalez
In voided urine samples obtained from and Schaeffer, 1999).
patients with urinary tract symptoms, the
Patients with diabetes generally have
finding of more than 105 organisms of a
a 2-fold to 4-fold increased incidence of
single bacterial species is highly predictive
bacteriuria over patients without diabetes
of infection (Schrier, 2001). (Ronald and Luduring, 2001).
In contrast with man, a higher preva- Patients and Methods
lence of ASB has been found in women
In our study, 1000 single or married
with diabetes than in women without the
variable aged females with either types of
disease (Patterson and Androle, 1997).
DM without symptoms of urinary tract
In a study of risks for UTI in diabetic
infection were included.
women, seual intercourse in the preceding
The following cases were excluded
week was the most important risk factor for
from the study: cases with renal
women
with
type
1DM,
whereas
impairment, cases with
symptomatic
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) was
urinary tract infection, cases with structural
associated with the highest risk among
urinary tract abnormalities, cases with
women with type 2DM (Geerlings et al.,
disturbed immunity or receiving corticost- 2000).
eroid therapy and pregnant cases.
217